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Protection, Support, Movement
Integument
 Protection
 Physical
 Dehydration
 Body temperature regulation
 Cutaneous sensation
 Metabolic functions
 Blood reservoir
 Excretion of wastes
 Respiration (amphibians)
Integument
 Cuticle
 Hardened outer covering
 Exoskeleton
 Roundworms, most arthropods
 Protein or chitin
Integument
 Skin
 Softer, ketatin-containing
outer covering
 Associated tissues (scales,
hair, feathers, beaks,
horns, nails, etc.)
 Vertebrates
Integument
 Epidermis
 Stratified squamous epithelium
 Keratinocytes

Keratin—water-proofing protein
 Melanocytes

Melanin—pigment & sunscreen
Integument
 Dermis
 Mostly dense irregular
connective tissue
 Cushion body against
stretch & stress
 Blood, lymph, nervous
tissue
 Hypodermis
 Mostly adipose tissue
Integument
 Sweat glands
 “True sweat”


Eccrine
Apocrine
 Ceruminous (ears)
 Mammary
 Sebaceous glands
Integument
 Chromatophores
 Skin & eye color in ectotherms
 Melanocytes in birds &
mammals
 Color change


Pigment translocation
Cephalopods—muscles surround
elastic cell, change it’s shape
Skeleton
 Hydrostatic skeleton
 Cnidarians, platyhelminthes, annelids, nematodes
 Fluid cavity surrounded by muscles
 Change shape for support & movment
 Exoskeleton
 Mollusks, arthropods
 Calcium carbonate or chitin
 Limits growth, but more strength, site for muscles
 Endoskeleton
 Echinoderms, vertebrates
 Supports greater weight
 Doesn’t limit growth
Skeleton
 Ecdysis
 Moulting of exoskeleton
 Continuous growth of arthropods not
possible
 Must periodically shed exoskeleton &
allow rapid growth
 Steps:

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
Cuticle separates from epidermis
New cuticle secreted by epidermis
Old cuticle shed
Animal inflates body w/ air or water to
expand new cuticle
New cuticle dehydrates & hardens
Animal vulnerable during this time
 Soft shelled crabs
Skeleton
 Bone functions
 Support
 Protection
 Movement
 Storage
 Hematopoiesis

Blood cell production
Skeleton
 Shape
 Long
 Short
 Flat
 Irregular
 Location
 Axial
 Appendicular
Skeleton
 Compact bone
 Spongy bone
 Hyaline cartilage
 Periosteum
 Yellow marrow—fat storage
 Red marrow—blood cell production
 Ligaments—bone to bone
 Tendons—muscle to bone
Skeleton
 Osteocytes
 Osteoblasts
 Osteoclasts
 Haversian (central) canal
Bones to know….
 Mandible
 Maxilla
 Zygomatic
 Sternum
 Rib
 Scapula
 Clavicle
Bones to know…

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
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals

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Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Bone Disorders
 Osteomalacia (adults), Rickets (children)
 Vitamin D deficiency
 Reduction in calcium in bones
 Soft bone, easily bent or broken
 Osteoporosis
 Osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblasts
 Hormonal influences
 Nutritional influences
 Brittle, weak bones
Joints
 Fibrous
 Immovible
 Skull sutures, teeth
 Cartilaginous
 Slightly moveable
 Vertebrae, pelvis
 Synovial
 Freely moveable
 Fluid-filled cavity
 Knee, elbow, fingers
Joint Disorders
 Sprain/strain
 Stretch or tear of ligaments &
tendons
 Anterior cruciate ligament
 Osteoarthritis
 Wear & tear on joints
 Usually w/ old age
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Degeneration of joints
 Autoimmune disease
Muscle
 Skeletal
 Cardiac
 Smooth
Muscle—Skeletal
 Muscle
 Fascicle
 Muscle fiber (cell)
Muscle—Skeletal
 Sarcolemma
 Myofibrils
Muscle—Skeletal
 Sarcomere
 Active unit
 Thin (actin) filament
 Thick (myosin)
filament
Neuromuscular Junction
 Nerve impulse reaches axon

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


termial
Channels open in axon, calcium
moves into axon terminal
Vesicles move to surface of axon
Vesicles open, releasing
acetylecholine (ACh)
ACh travels across synaptic cleft
ACh binds to receptors on muscle
Contraction stimulated
Muscle
 Sliding Filament Model
 Animation
Muscle—Cardiac
 Cardiac muscle stimulated by
pacemakers in heart
 Most muscle not directly
innervated
 Intercalated discs connect cells,
continuing muscle impulse
Muscle—Smooth
Muscle Disorders
 Myasthenia gravis
 Shortage of ACh receptors
 Muscular Dystrophy
 Fragile, abnormal sarcolemma
 Too much calcium, damages fibers
 Loss of regeneration, muscles waste
 Tetanus
 Clostridium tetani, no release of ACh