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Intro to Tourism & Hospitality
Chapter 10

Copyright
Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC by
Morgan Westcott, Editor, (c) Capilano University is used
under a CC-BY 4.0 International license.
This chapter is by Don Webster and is used under a CCBY 4.0 International license.
Learning Outcomes
 Define commonly used environmental stewardship
terminology
 Articulate the impacts of climate change on tourism
 Identify other environmental impacts caused by,
and affecting, tourism and hospitality sectors
(Webster, n.d.)
Learning Outcomes
 Describe a variety of initiatives to mitigate the
impacts of environmental damage
 Explain how the environmental management
system in BC functions
 Illustrate the conflicts that exist between tourism
and resource extraction in BC
(Webster, n.d.)
Environmental Stewardship
Figure 10.1 A foraging black bear is photographed by a tourist on a wildlife viewing trip. Protecting BC’s natural assets is
paramount to maintaining the province’s tourism product.
Environmental Stewardship
 Environmental stewardship can be defined as “the
responsible use (including conservation) of natural
resources in a way that takes full and balanced
account of the interests of society, future
generations, and other species, as well as of private
needs, and accepts significant answerability to
society” (Worrell & Appleby, 2000, p. 263).
History
Mid 1900’s the works of authors such as:
 Rachel Carson (Silent Spring)
 Aldo Leopold (A Sand Country Almanac)
 Garret Hardin (The Tragedy of the Commons)
(Webster, n.d.)
History
Brundtland Commision defined sustainable
development as meeting:
“the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(Brundtland, 1987, p. 41).
History
 Sustainable development differs from
Environmental Stewardship
 Environmental Stewardship focuses on the natural
world
 Sustainable development focuses on the
environmental, social and economic aspects of
development
(Webster, n.d.)
History
Environmental Management can be defined as:
The natural resources of the environment are managed
through policies designed to protect natural values
while providing a framework for use
(Mercer, 2004; Williams & Ponsford, 2008).
Climate Change
Figure 10.3 Helms Glacier melting
Impacts of Climate Change
 Direct Climate Impacts
 Indirect Environmental Change Impacts
 See Table 10.1 on page 216 of Introduction to
Tourism and Hospitality in BC
(Watson, Zinyowera, & Moss, 1997; World Tourism Organization, 2008a).
Carrying Capacity
Carrying capacity is “the average maximum number of
individuals of a given species that can occupy a
particular habitat without permanently impairing the
productive capacity of that habitat” (Rees, 2001, p.
229).
Carrying Capacity
Figure 10.5 A tourist’s snapshot of a “full moon party” in Thailand, where bottles, trash, and human waste litter the beach for days afterward, and noise and light
pollution are common
Carrying Capacity
Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC):
“the maximum number of visitors which an area can
sustain without unacceptable deterioration of the
physical environment and without considerably
diminishing user satisfaction”
(Salerno, Viviano, Manfredi, Caroli, Thankuri, & Tartari, 2013, p. 116).
The Tourism Paradox
 The tourism paradox is concept that is born from
the Tragedy of the Commons
 Describes the paradoxical nature of tourism’s
relationship with the environment (Webster, 2015)
 So…….what is the relationship between tourism and
the environment?
Environmental Management in BC
Land Use
 Private Land
 Crown Land
 BC Parks
 Parks Canada
 First Nations Land
Protection and Assessment
 Ministry of Environment
 Environmental Assessment Office
(Webster, n.d.)
Mitigating Impacts
Initiatives that have the potential to implement change:
 Carbon offsetting
 Energy conservation
 Water conservation
 Food production management
 Waste management
 Accreditation
References
Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Report of the World Commission on environment and development: our common future. United Nations.
Retrieved from: www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf
Mercer, D. (2004). Tourism and resource management. In C. Hall, A. Lew & A. Williams (Eds.) A Companion to tourism (pp. 462 – 472).
Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Rees, W. (2001). Ecological footprint, concept of. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity (vol. 4). Waltham, MA: Academic Press, 229-244.
Salerno, F., Viviano, G., Manfredi, E. C., Caroli, P., Thakuri, S., & Tartari, G. (2013). Multiple carrying capacities from a managementoriented perspective to operationalize sustainable tourism in protected areas. Journal Of Environmental Management, 128, 116-125.
Watson, R. T., Zinyowera, M. C., & Moss, R. H. (Eds.). (1997). The regional impacts of climate change: an assessment of vulnerability.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/regional/
Webster, D. (n.d.) Environmental Stewardship. In Westcott, M. Editor, Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality in BC (pp. 212-234).
Retrieved from http://opentextbc.ca/introtourism/chapter/chapter-10-environmental-stewardship/
Williams, P. W., & Ponsford, I. F. (2008). Confronting tourism’s environmental paradox: Transitioning for sustainable tourism. Futures,
41(6), 396-404.
Worrell, R., & Appleby, M. C. (2000). Stewardship of natural resources: definition, ethical and practical aspects. Journal of Agricultural
and Environmental Ethics, 12(3), 263-277.
Attributions
Figure 10.1 Bear Watching, British Columbia, Canada by Travel Junction is used under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license.
Figure 10.3 Helms Glacier melting in the hot sun by Kyle Pearce is used under a CC BY-SA 2.0 license.
Figure 10.5 Full Moon Party by Dav Naginuma is used under a CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 license.