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English for Academic Purposes II Lesson 5: Describing Trends Describing Trends Skills Focus Interpreting data Language Focus Collocations - Verb + preposition / Noun + preposition Vocabulary Development – describing trends A. Read the definitions and then do the crossword. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. expand trend reflect enroll faculty predict approximately overall statistics to become bigger in size or in number overall movement in a particular direction to show what you see to join a course at a university or college a department or group of departments in a university or college to say what you think will happen in the future more or less, almost the same, roughly in general, generally, not specific numerical data; numbers about a specific subject Across 1. According to ......, Cairo is the largest city in Egypt. 3. The busy roads ...... the large number of cars. 7. We used to have one shop. We needed to ......, so now we have nine. 8. He was promoted to Dean of the ...... of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. 9. More and more Qataris are attending universities every year. There is an increasing ...... for higher education. Down 2. I don’t remember the exact time of the accident, but it happened at ...... ten ‘o clock. 4. They ...... that the temperature would reach 55º today. 5. Leqhwiya lost a few matches, but ...... the season was very successful. 6. I wanted to improve my writing so I decided to ...... in a creative writing course. 1 English for Academic Purposes II Lesson 5: Describing Trends Enrolment Statistics at Coral University Subject Arts Medicine & Industry Information & Technology Engineering & Technology Law Economics & Commerce 2000-2001 men women 495 989 154 186 108 72 245 119 300 103 461 466 2006-2007 men women 560 1020 130 230 140 86 264 123 353 196 467 407 B. Look at the table in detail. Read the text about changing trends at Coral University. Complete the paragraphs with words and phrases from the box. nearly the same just under three-quarters twice as many a. There has been an overall rise in the numbers of students enrolling in higher education in the last twenty years. It is clear that the subjects chosen by students reflect trends in the job market as well as changes in the students’ field of interest and research. b. The table shows the numbers of students enrolled at Coral University for the years 20002001 and 2006-2007, according to subjects studied. Firstly for the academic year 2000-2001, the most popular subjects for both men and women were in the arts, with 1……….…………….….………. 500 men and approximately 2……….…………….….………. women studying these subjects. In Economics and Commerce the numbers of men and women were almost 3……….…………….….………. in that year. However, Engineering and Technology were more popular with male students that year, with only 119 women, compared to 245 men choosing these subjects. Information Technology was also more popular with men, with 108 male and 72 female students, and in Law just under 4……….…………….….………. of the total number were men. c. The academic year 2006-2007 saw a general increase in student numbers, as most faculties recorded a rise in enrolment. For example, the number of men studying IT rose significantly from 108 in 2000 to 140 in 2006, and numbers studying Law rose to over 350 men and 5……….…………….….………. 200 women. However, there were also some decreases. The number of men studying Medicine and Dentistry dropped to 130, and the number of women studying Economics and Commerce also fell sharply by 60, to 407. 2 English for Academic Purposes II Lesson 5: Describing Trends Skills Focus Interpreting data When you interpret figures, look first for general patterns words of quantity and comparison such as majority, twice as many, the same as approximations such as almost, nearly, approximately, (just) over/under Then look in more detail at the actual figures or values. Are these real numbers, percentages, or other values? Identify equivalents, for example, one in ten = 10%, a quarter = 25% C. Some of these words were used in the passage. Use your dictionaries to find the meaning of the words you don’t know and write them in the box. rise decline increase remain stable fluctuate fall grow reach a peak decrease go up go down stay the same change frequently peak ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… ………………………… D. Look at the verb + adverb taken from paragraph C. Note how they’ve been changed to adjective + noun. Does the adjective and adverb describe a large change or a small change? verb + adverb rose significantly fell sharply adjective + noun large or small change a significant rise large a sharp fall large Complete the table with adjective + noun. verb + adverb adjective + noun large or small change 1. rose dramatically 1. ……..…………………………………...…… 1. …..…………………….…… 2. fell substantially 2. ……..…………………………………...…… 2. …..…………………….…… 3. increased considerably 3. ……..…………………………………...…… 3. …..…………………….…… 4. dropped slightly 4. ……..…………………………………...…… 4. …..…………………….…… 5. decreased noticeably 5. ……..…………………………………...…… 5. …..…………………….…… 6. climbed rapidly 6. ……..…………………………………...…… 6. …..…………………….…… 3 English for Academic Purposes II Lesson 5: Describing Trends E. Correct the wrong information of each graph. 150 100 50 0 150 100 50 0 1. The numbers grew dramatically and after remaining stable, decreased slightly. sharply 60 2. Prices fell substantially and then fluctuated. …………….………… …………….………… …………….………… 3. After a sharp rise, the number peaked at 100 and then declined slowly. …………….………… …………….………… 100 40 20 0 4. The value dropped sharply and then remained stable. …………….………… …………….………… 50 0 F. Replace the underlined words or phrases with words or numbers from the box. 90% 47% 70% of nearly two-thirds a quarter 1. Seven in ten students live in university accommodation. …………………………………….. 2. 25% of arts students work in education. …………………………………….. 3. Nine out of ten factory workers are men. …………………………………….. 4. 64% of jobs in the textile industry are in South-East Asia. …………………………………….. 5. Almost half of office workers travel to work by car. …………………………………….. G. Look at paragraph C. Underline the nouns and verbs that refer to changes. Circle the prepositions that go with them. Example increase in H. Look at the graph below and complete the gaps with a suitable preposition. Number of people who worked in the oil industry between 2000 and 2006 x 1000 80 There was an increase 1………. the number of people who worked in the oil industry between 2000 and 2006. From 2o00 to 2001, the number rose 2………. 60 40,000 but there was a slight drop 3………. 10,000 in 40 the following year. 20 4 ………. 60,000 and reached a peak in 2004. 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Numbers rose again in 2003 It then came down 6 5 ………. 70,000 ………. 50,000 in 2005. The number stayed the same in 2006. 4 English for Academic Purposes II Lesson 5: Describing Trends I. Look at the graph below and follow the instructions carefully. Students' purchase of academic books in Sweden in 2012 % 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1. Unscramble the introduction below. Sweden in 2012. The shows the percentage graph academic books of students buying in. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 2. Add suitable prepositions in each of the spaces. From January to March the percentage of students dropped steadily ………….. one third ………….. 30% ………….. 20%. 3. Describe the trend from March to August. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 4. Change the verb + adverb in bold to an adjective + noun. Rewrite the sentences. Then in August the number increased significantly by 90%. It then dropped sharply to 30% in the next month. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 5. Describe the trend from October to December. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 5 English for Academic Purposes II Lesson 5: Describing Trends J. Describe the trends for this graph. Students' purchase of academic books in New Zealand in 2012 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 6