Download Evidence for Evolution Notes

Evidence for Evolution
1. Define macroevolution.
2. What are the 2 types of evidence that comes from microevolution?
a.
b.
Fossils
3. Why do scientist study fossils?
4. Describe the 5 types of fossils.
a. trace fossils
b. casts
c. molds
d. petrified fossils
e. amber-preserved or frozen fossils
5. ______________________________are scientists who study ancient life.
6. By studying the ___________________, _________________, and
___________________ of rocks and fossils, geologists and paleontologists can make
deductions about the geography of past environments.
7. For fossils to form, organisms usually have to be buried in ____________________,
___________________, or ______________ soon after they die.
8. Few organisms become fossilized because, without _________________, bacteria and
fungi immediately _______________ their dead bodies.
9. One method of determining the age of fossils is called __________________
___________________.
10. Explain relative dating>
11. What can scientists determine with relative dating?
12. To find the specific ages of rocks, scientists use _______________
_______________________ techniques using the radioactive ___________________ in
rocks.
13. What are radioactive isotopes?
14. Scientists use the rate of __________________ as a type of
____________________.
15. What is a half-life?
16. What does a radioactive isotope form as it decays?
17. What is
14
C is used to date?
18. Scientists use carbon-14 to date fossils less than __________ years old.
19.
14
C decays to ___________ at a constant rate.
20. Every ______________ years half the
(electron) and decay to 14N.
14
C in a sample will emit a beta particle
21. 5,730 years is called the ________________________ of
14
C.
22. Scientists use _______________________, a radioactive isotope that decays to
_____________________, to date rocks containing potassium bearing minerals.
23. Based on chemical analysis, chemists have determined that potassium-40 decays to
half its original amount is ________ million years.
24. Errors can occur in radiometric dating if the rock has been
_____________________, causing some of the radioactive isotopes to be
________________ or _____________________.
25. The fossil record indicates that there were several episodes of
____________________________ that fall between time divisions.
26. A mass extinction is an event that occurs when many organisms
________________________ from the fossil record almost at once.
Phylogenetics
27. The study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms (species,
populations), which are discovered through:
1. Molecular sequencing data –
2. Morphological data matrices (cladograms)–
28. Define homologous structures.
29. Define analogous structures.
30. What is a vestigial structure? Give examples.
31. _____________________structures of different species show significant similarities.
32. __________________________ evolution is the accumulation of differences between
groups which can lead to the formation of new species.
33. __________________________ evolution is the process by which unrelated or
distantly related organisms evolve similar body forms, coloration, organs, and adaptations.
34. ____________________ ______________________ is the evolution of an animal or
plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life.
35. _______________________ _________________________ is a hypothesis in
evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little ____________
evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended
_____________called _________________.
36. _______________________________ is the process by which a ________
(organisms that breed and produce offspring that are also fertile) splits into __________
distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another.
37. Define microevoltion.
38. Define coevolution.
39. What are the ecological relationships that cause coevolution?
1.
2.
3.