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Evidence for Evolution 1. Define macroevolution. 2. What are the 2 types of evidence that comes from microevolution? a. b. Fossils 3. Why do scientist study fossils? 4. Describe the 5 types of fossils. a. trace fossils b. casts c. molds d. petrified fossils e. amber-preserved or frozen fossils 5. ______________________________are scientists who study ancient life. 6. By studying the ___________________, _________________, and ___________________ of rocks and fossils, geologists and paleontologists can make deductions about the geography of past environments. 7. For fossils to form, organisms usually have to be buried in ____________________, ___________________, or ______________ soon after they die. 8. Few organisms become fossilized because, without _________________, bacteria and fungi immediately _______________ their dead bodies. 9. One method of determining the age of fossils is called __________________ ___________________. 10. Explain relative dating> 11. What can scientists determine with relative dating? 12. To find the specific ages of rocks, scientists use _______________ _______________________ techniques using the radioactive ___________________ in rocks. 13. What are radioactive isotopes? 14. Scientists use the rate of __________________ as a type of ____________________. 15. What is a half-life? 16. What does a radioactive isotope form as it decays? 17. What is 14 C is used to date? 18. Scientists use carbon-14 to date fossils less than __________ years old. 19. 14 C decays to ___________ at a constant rate. 20. Every ______________ years half the (electron) and decay to 14N. 14 C in a sample will emit a beta particle 21. 5,730 years is called the ________________________ of 14 C. 22. Scientists use _______________________, a radioactive isotope that decays to _____________________, to date rocks containing potassium bearing minerals. 23. Based on chemical analysis, chemists have determined that potassium-40 decays to half its original amount is ________ million years. 24. Errors can occur in radiometric dating if the rock has been _____________________, causing some of the radioactive isotopes to be ________________ or _____________________. 25. The fossil record indicates that there were several episodes of ____________________________ that fall between time divisions. 26. A mass extinction is an event that occurs when many organisms ________________________ from the fossil record almost at once. Phylogenetics 27. The study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms (species, populations), which are discovered through: 1. Molecular sequencing data – 2. Morphological data matrices (cladograms)– 28. Define homologous structures. 29. Define analogous structures. 30. What is a vestigial structure? Give examples. 31. _____________________structures of different species show significant similarities. 32. __________________________ evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species. 33. __________________________ evolution is the process by which unrelated or distantly related organisms evolve similar body forms, coloration, organs, and adaptations. 34. ____________________ ______________________ is the evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life. 35. _______________________ _________________________ is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology which proposes that most species will exhibit little ____________ evolutionary change for most of their geological history, remaining in an extended _____________called _________________. 36. _______________________________ is the process by which a ________ (organisms that breed and produce offspring that are also fertile) splits into __________ distinct species, rather than one species gradually transforming into another. 37. Define microevoltion. 38. Define coevolution. 39. What are the ecological relationships that cause coevolution? 1. 2. 3.