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Cell Test Review What are the three principles of the cell theory? • 1. Cells come from pre-existing cells. • 2. Cells are the organizational units of multicellular organisms and single cells are the smallest organisms. • 3. All living things are composed of cells. What are the two most important features that distinguish prokaryotic from eukaryotic cells? • Eukaryotes have their DNA enclosed in a nucleus and prokaryote DNA is in the cytoplasm. • Eukaryotes have organelles and prokaryotes do not. What is the outermost layer of a plant cell? Cell Wall What is the outermost layer of animal cells? Cell membrane What four features do all cells share? • • • • Cell Membrane Cytoplasm DNA Ribosomes What shape do plant and animal cells take and why? • Plant cells are boxy due to their rigid cell wall. • Animal cells take on a variety of different shapes because their outer layer is the thin, flexible cell membrane What are specialized cells? • Cells with specific structures and functions. What type of organism has specialized cells? • Multicellular (plants, animals, fungi…) Provide an example of a specialized cell and how its structure relates to its function. • Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria to produce ATP for contraction. • Leaf cells have lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis. • Cells lining the respiratory system have cilia to trap debris and sweep it out of the airway. What cell structures are found in the nucleus? • DNA and nucleolus • Which cell is specialized to receive and transmit signals? • Neuron (branch-like extensions) • Which cell is capable of moving fluids and particles past it? • Columnar/Goblet cells (they have cilia) Write the cell structure that carries out each function below. • Protect and support the cell • Cell Wall • Isolate the cell interior, control what enters and leaves the cell • Cell Membrane • Break down glucose to generate ATP • Mitochondria • Synthesize Proteins • RER, Ribosomes • Breakdown food or old/defective cell parts • Lysosomes • Manage cell activities • Nucleus • Store starch and pigments • Plastids • Maintain cell shape, move structures within the cell, allow cell to divide and move • Cytoskeleton • Capture sun’s energy to make glucose • Chloroplast • Sort, modify and package products from the ER. • Golgi • Store water, enzymes, amino acids, waste • Vacuole • Compound that stores instructions for making proteins • DNA • Control the passage of materials into and out of nucleus • Nuclear Membrane • Synthesize lipids, detoxify harmful substances • SER • Whip-like tail that moves the cell • Flagella • Make ribosomes • Nucleolus • Tiny hairs that move the cell or move fluids past the cell • Cilia • Transport materials within the cytoplasm • Vesicles • Protect and support the cell. • Cell Wall What features would be found in a plant cell but NOT an animal cell? • • • • Cell wall Chloroplast Large, central vacuole Plastids What is the endomembrane system? • Group of structures that can exchange contents because all are surrounded or composed of the same type of membrane. How is cargo exchanged within the endomembrane system? • It buds off from one structure forming a vesicle. The vesicle fuses with another structure. These three protein fibers composed the cytoskeleton • Microtubules • Microfilaments • Intermediate filaments These structures are part of the endomembrane system. • • • • • • • Cell membrane ER (rough and smooth) Vesicles Vacuoles Golgi Lysosomes Nuclear Membrane What is an organelle? • A structure in a eukaryotic cell enclosed by membrane with a specific function Describe the path a protein takes from synthesis to export. • The protein is made by the RER (or free ribosomes) • The protein is packaged into a vesicle and travels to the golgi. • The protein is sorted, modified and repackaged into another vesicle by the golgi. • The vesicle is sent to the plasma membrane and the protein is released outside the cell. What class of organic compound are most cell structures made of? • Proteins Identify the cell types (plant, animal, or bacteria) that would have each of the following structures. • Nucleus • Plant and Animal • DNA • Plant, animal, bacteria • Chloroplast • Plant • Mitochondria • Plant and Animal • Cilia • Animal Flagella Animal and Bacteria Ribosomes Plant, Animal, Bacteria • ER • Plant and Animal • Golgi • Plant and Animal • Lysosomes • Plant and Animal • Nuclear Membrane • Plant and Animal Which of the following cells contains a nucleus and organelles? • Leaf cell, dog muscle cell, bacteria cell, human brain cell • Leaf, dog muscle, human brain Based on this microscopic image, what type of cell are you looking at (plant, animal or bacteria). • Plant (thick cell wall, boxy, nucleus) How would you classify these cells? (plant, animal, bacteria) Animal (nucleus, irregular and not boxy) Label each cell structure. K I J • • • • • • • • • • • A= cell wall B= RER C= chloroplasts D= SER E= nucleus F= golgi G= vacuole H= mitochondria I = nucleolus J= cell membrane K= DNA