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3. The New Imperialism: China, Japan, Indochina I. China A. Forcible Opening of China by the West 1. Opium War (1839-1842) - unable to expand trade with China, the British began to import opium grown in India to China to offset the trade imbalance due to rising demand for tea in Britain - the opium was highly addictive for the Chinese and the trade was highly profitable for the British - when the Chinese authorities attempted to put an end to this trade, the British sent a naval expedition to force China to open its doors to foreign trade - the conflict demonstrated British naval and technological superiority - Treaty of Nanjing > five coastal ports opened to the British > limited tariffs on British imports > granted the British extraterritorial rights .> British received a large indemnity and the island of Hong Kong 2. Scramble for China - unable to effectively resist their demands, China was forced to cede territory and rights to other Western powers - 1860 the Opium trade was legalized Shanghai – French Concession – Dr. Sun Yat Sen’s House Ji’nan – German Concession - Hong Jialou Catholic Church (1905) 3. Open Door Policy (1899-1900) > a “gentlemen’s agreement” negotiated by U. S. Secretary of State John Hay with Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy and Japan that guaranteed “equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” and preservation of “Chinese territorial and administrative” integrity Shanghai – European Construction along the Bund B. Internal Problems 1. Taiping Rebellion (1853-1864) - a peasant’s revolt against the inefficient and corrupt administration of the state - goal to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom of Supreme Peace in China” - the movement lost momentum and was suppressed Hong Xiuquan 2. The Boxer Rebellion (1900) - a religious, secret society , “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” > anti-foreigners and anti-Christian - primarily a reaction to economic hardship due to drought and high unemployment caused in part by foreign steamships and railroads - attacked foreign residents and legates in Beijing - suppressed by an international force - China was charged to pay a large indemnity and foreign troops remained in Beijing U. S. Marines – part of the international relief expedition sent to lift the siege of Beijing and captured Boxers A Boxer C. Attempts at Reform 1. Decline of the Qing Dynasty - the Emperor was under the control of his mother, the powerful Empress Dowager Cixi, who feared reform would lead to the loss of their throne - because the regime was unable to oppose foreign intervention and deal effectively with internal concerns, nationalistic sentiments that were fostered by Western imperialism were directed against the Manchu rulers - the weakness of the Chinese state contributed to a loss of confidence in traditional Confucian values that were the basis of political authority Empress Dowager Cixi 2. Reforms - initial reforms aimed at obtaining Western technology without making fundamental changes - popular uprisings led to reforms in education, military and government culminating in the 1908 constitution - significant reform, however, was difficult to achieve Old and New Armies Jiaotong University was founded in Shanghai in 1896 D. Revolution of 1911 1. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) - created the United League bringing together groups that opposed the government - Advocated the Three Principles of the People: nationalism, democracy and livelihood (improvement in economic and social conditions) Father of the Chinese Revolution 2. Outbreak of Revolution - Discontent peaked over a plan to nationalize the railways on terms that favored foreigners despite protests from the elected assemblies - 15 provinces declared their independence and provincial military forces overthrew the Qing regime which was abandoned by Imperial forces - The Chinese Republic was established with Sun Yat-sen as provisional president - February 1912 Emperor Puyi, who had ascended the throne in 1908 at the age of 3, abdicated Emperor Puyi and Prince Chun, his father and regent 3. Aftermath of the Revolution - Union League became the People’s National Party > Nationalists - Sun Yat-sen was unable to gain control over much of the country which was dominated by local “war lords” - to avoid a civil war in 1913 Sun Yat-sen gave up the presidency to General Yüan Shihk’ai, former commander of the Imperial forces - but Yuan’s imperial ambitions led to his fall and Sun Yat-sen returned to power in 1916 II. Japan A. The Opening of Japan 1. U. S. Commodore Perry arrived in Edo in 1853 with a fleet of “Black Ships” 2. 1854Treaty of Kanagawa (Treaty of Peace and Amity) and 1858 Treaty - gave U. S. several ports, allowed the establishment of a U. S. Consulate and exchange of ministers, and granted extraterritoriality rights - similar rights were later granted to several European states Yokohama – port city created for the Americans B. The Meiji Restoration (1867-1912) 1. The forcible opening of Japan to the West resulted in a loss of confidence in the Tokugawa Shogunate which was overthrown and Emperor Meiji was given authority over the state The Emperor Meiji enters Edo Castle replacing the Shogun. Edo’s name is changed to Tokyo 2. Program of Modernization was undertaken a) Political Reorganization - Daimyo lost their lands, but were given positions as governors over their former territories - Samurai received a monetary compensation and were forbidden to wear a sword - modern army and navy was created Samurai of the Satsuma clan c. 1867 - Charter Oath of 1868 reorganized the state and brought local administration under the authority of a Council of State - Constitution of 1889: vested supreme authority in the Emperor; established a two house parliament; allowed for an independent military authority b) economic development - agriculture > lands were redistributed to those who farmed them and the taxes from agriculture were used to support industrial development - industry > developed without foreign loans or investment and with close cooperation of public and private sectors > women left their homes to work in the new factories c) education - restructured along the American model, though emphasized traditional Japanese Confucian values - bright students were sent abroad to study and specialists were imported Sapporo Ag. College students, 1881 C. Foreign Policy > Imperialistic Expansion 1. Sino Japanese War (1894-1895) - fought over conflicting interests in Korea - Japan acquired Taiwan; Rijukyu Islands; Kwantung Peninsula 2. Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905) - fought against Russian expansion into Manchuria 3. Korea annexed in 1910 Execution of Korean Resisters Colonial Southeast Asia: Indochina - 1858 the French launched a punitive attack on Vietnam at Danang after the arrest of a missionary but failed to capture the Imperial capital at Hue - attention then turned south and the French seized control of Saigon and several Mekong Delta provinces - 1862 Treaty established the French colony of Cochinchine - 1880’s the French established protectorates over central Vietnam (Annam) and northern Vietnam (Tonkin) as well as Cambodia and Laos French forces at Danang - - Despite France’s “civilizing mission” Indochina was exploited for its natural resources and its people exploited for their labor Few advances made toward political democracy and few benefitted from industrial and commercial development Vietnam Rubber Plantations Hanoi Saigon