Download D3. The New Imperialism - China, Japan and Indochina

3. The New Imperialism: China, Japan, Indochina
I. China
A. Forcible Opening of China by the
West
1. Opium War (1839-1842)
- unable to expand trade with
China, the British began
to import opium grown in
India to China to offset
the trade imbalance due
to rising demand for tea
in Britain
- the opium was highly
addictive for the Chinese
and the trade was highly
profitable for the British
- when the Chinese authorities attempted to put an end to this trade, the British
sent a naval expedition to force China to open its doors to foreign trade
- the conflict demonstrated British naval and technological superiority
- Treaty of Nanjing
> five coastal ports opened to the British
> limited tariffs on British imports
> granted the British extraterritorial rights
.> British received a large indemnity and the
island of Hong Kong
2. Scramble for China
- unable to effectively resist their demands,
China was forced to cede territory and rights
to other Western powers
- 1860 the Opium trade was legalized
Shanghai – French Concession – Dr. Sun Yat Sen’s House
Ji’nan – German Concession - Hong Jialou Catholic Church (1905)
3. Open Door Policy (1899-1900)
> a “gentlemen’s agreement”
negotiated by U. S. Secretary of
State John Hay with Britain,
France, Germany, Russia, Italy and
Japan that guaranteed “equal and
impartial trade with all parts of the
Chinese Empire” and preservation
of “Chinese territorial and
administrative” integrity
Shanghai – European Construction along the Bund
B. Internal Problems
1. Taiping Rebellion (1853-1864)
- a peasant’s revolt against the
inefficient and corrupt
administration of the state
- goal to establish a “Heavenly
Kingdom of Supreme Peace in
China”
- the movement lost momentum
and was suppressed
Hong Xiuquan
2. The Boxer Rebellion (1900)
- a religious, secret society , “Righteous and
Harmonious Fists” > anti-foreigners and anti-Christian
- primarily a reaction to economic hardship due to drought
and high unemployment caused in part by foreign
steamships and railroads
- attacked foreign residents and legates in Beijing
- suppressed by an international force
- China was charged to pay a large indemnity and
foreign troops remained in Beijing
U. S. Marines – part of the international relief
expedition sent to lift the siege of Beijing and captured
Boxers
A Boxer
C. Attempts at Reform
1. Decline of the Qing Dynasty
- the Emperor was under the control
of his mother, the powerful
Empress Dowager Cixi, who
feared reform would lead to the
loss of their throne
- because the regime was unable to
oppose foreign intervention and
deal effectively with internal
concerns, nationalistic sentiments
that were fostered by Western
imperialism were directed against
the Manchu rulers
- the weakness of the Chinese state
contributed to a loss of confidence
in traditional Confucian values
that were the basis of political
authority
Empress Dowager Cixi
2. Reforms
- initial reforms aimed at
obtaining Western
technology without making
fundamental changes
- popular uprisings led to reforms in education,
military and government culminating in the
1908 constitution
- significant reform, however, was difficult to
achieve
Old and New Armies
Jiaotong University was founded in Shanghai in 1896
D. Revolution of 1911
1. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925)
- created the United League bringing
together groups that opposed the
government
- Advocated the Three Principles of the
People: nationalism, democracy and
livelihood (improvement in economic and
social conditions)
Father of the Chinese Revolution
2. Outbreak of Revolution
- Discontent peaked over a plan to
nationalize the railways on terms
that favored foreigners despite
protests from the elected assemblies
- 15 provinces declared their
independence and provincial
military forces overthrew the Qing
regime which was abandoned by
Imperial forces
- The Chinese Republic was
established with Sun Yat-sen as
provisional president
- February 1912 Emperor Puyi, who had
ascended the throne in 1908 at the
age of 3, abdicated
Emperor Puyi and Prince Chun, his father and
regent
3. Aftermath of the Revolution
- Union League became the People’s
National Party > Nationalists
- Sun Yat-sen was unable to gain control
over much of the country which was
dominated by local “war lords”
- to avoid a civil war in
1913 Sun Yat-sen gave
up the presidency to
General Yüan Shihk’ai, former
commander of the
Imperial forces
- but Yuan’s imperial
ambitions led to his fall
and Sun Yat-sen
returned to power in
1916
II. Japan
A. The Opening of Japan
1. U. S. Commodore Perry arrived in Edo in 1853 with a fleet of “Black Ships”
2. 1854Treaty of Kanagawa (Treaty of
Peace and Amity) and 1858 Treaty
- gave U. S. several ports, allowed
the establishment of a U. S.
Consulate and exchange of
ministers, and granted
extraterritoriality rights
- similar rights were later granted to
several European states
Yokohama – port city created for the Americans
B. The Meiji Restoration (1867-1912)
1. The forcible opening of Japan to the West resulted in a loss of confidence in
the Tokugawa Shogunate which was overthrown and Emperor Meiji
was given authority over the state
The Emperor Meiji enters Edo Castle replacing the Shogun. Edo’s name is changed to Tokyo
2. Program of Modernization
was undertaken
a) Political Reorganization
- Daimyo lost their
lands, but were given
positions as governors
over their former
territories
- Samurai received a
monetary
compensation and
were forbidden to
wear a sword
- modern army and
navy was created
Samurai of the Satsuma clan c. 1867
- Charter Oath of 1868 reorganized the state and brought local administration under the
authority of a Council of State
- Constitution of 1889: vested supreme authority in the Emperor; established a two
house parliament; allowed for an independent military authority
b) economic development
- agriculture > lands were redistributed to those who farmed them and the taxes
from agriculture were used to support industrial development
- industry > developed without foreign loans or investment and with close cooperation of
public and private sectors
> women left their homes to work in the new factories
c) education
- restructured along the American model, though emphasized traditional Japanese
Confucian values
- bright students were sent abroad to study and specialists were imported
Sapporo Ag. College students, 1881
C. Foreign Policy
> Imperialistic Expansion
1. Sino Japanese War (1894-1895)
- fought over conflicting
interests in Korea
- Japan acquired Taiwan;
Rijukyu Islands; Kwantung
Peninsula
2. Russo-Japanese War(1904-1905)
- fought against Russian expansion
into Manchuria
3. Korea annexed in 1910
Execution of Korean
Resisters
Colonial Southeast Asia: Indochina
- 1858 the French launched a punitive attack on Vietnam at
Danang after the arrest of a missionary but failed to
capture the Imperial capital at Hue
- attention then turned south and the French seized control of
Saigon and several Mekong Delta provinces
- 1862 Treaty established the French colony of Cochinchine
- 1880’s the French established protectorates over central
Vietnam (Annam) and northern Vietnam (Tonkin) as
well as Cambodia and Laos
French
forces at
Danang
- 
- 
Despite France’s “civilizing mission”
Indochina was exploited for its natural
resources and its people exploited for
their labor
Few advances made toward political
democracy and few benefitted from
industrial and commercial development
Vietnam Rubber Plantations
Hanoi
Saigon