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Transcript
Variety of Life Madras College Click on the boxes below to visit each section Life Processes Rich Task – Animals in Captivity Plants Types of Microbe Invertebrates Observing Microbes Vertebrates Uses of Microbes and Recycling Nutrients Disease and Decay • There are many things which appear to be alive, but, in fact, are not. • Eg. Why do you think a plant or a car may be alive? • • • • • • • Movement Respiration Sensitivity Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition • All living things need energy from their food. • This is how all cells get their energy. BACK • All living things are members of their own species. • Similar living things can be put into groups. • This is called classification. • There are 3 main groups of living things. PLANTS ANIMALS MICROBES Plants • The following slides deal with different types of Plants. Mosses Ferns Conifers Flowering Plants • • • • Plants make their own food. For this reason, plants are often referred to as Producers of food. Animals are Consumers of food. Plants make their own food by Photosynthesis. Carbon Dioxide + Water → Sugar + Oxygen Plants can be placed into 4 groups • Live in damp places. • Have thin leaves which easily lose water. • Make tiny spores. • Spores are carried by the wind and grow into new moss plants • Have strong stems, roots and leaves. • Make spores on underside of leaf. • Have water-carrying tubes in stem called Xylem. • Many are evergreen with leaves like needles. • Have Xylem vessels. • Make seeds which are protected in Cones. • Produce Flowers. • Have Xylem vessels. • Make seeds inside fruits and Berries. BACK • The following slides deal with different types of animals. Animals Vertebrates Invertebrates • There are 4 basic groups of Invertebrate. Invertebrates Soft-bodied Worms Molluscs Arthropods • These include the Jellyfish and Sea Anemone. • Have round bodies with no definite head or tail ends. • Have tubeshaped bodies. • Some have segments. • Live in habitats all round the world. • Soft bodies, but with a shell. • Include Snails, Slugs, Clams and Octopus. • Live in habitats all round the world • Include Insects, Spiders, Crabs and Lobsters & Centipedes and Millipedes. • Have a hard Exoskeleton. • Have jointed limbs. • Continue slide show to learn about Invertebrates in more detail or click ‘Back’ to return to index page. BACK Insects Invertebrates Arthropods Crustaceans Arachnids Centipedes and Millipedes Molluscs Segmented Worms Round worms Flatworms Starfish and Sea Urchins Jellyfish & Sea Anemones • Arthropods means ‘jointed legs’ • There are 4 groups of Arthropod • Insects • Crustaceans • Arachnids • Centipedes and Millipedes • All Arthropods have a hard outer skeleton (Exoskeleton) • Insects have 3 main body parts: • Head • Thorax • Abdomen • They also have 1 or 2 pairs of wings • There are thousands of different species of insects. • Most insects are Beetles. • Crabs and Lobsters have 5 pairs of walking legs, the first pair adapted into claws. • Most are marine. • Woodlice live on land but only in damp environments. • Arachnids include spiders and scorpions. • They have 4 pairs of legs • Body divided into many segments. • Centipedes have 1 pair of legs per segment. • Millipedes have 2 pairs per segment. • These have a soft body and a shell. • Body has no segments • Have long tubeshaped bodies • Body divided into segments • Thin, tubular body. • Found in most habitats and are often parasitic. • Most are very small. • Flattened body with no segments. • The Tapeworm looks like it has segments, but these are just egg cases. • Body divided into 5 or more sections • Often have spines and chalky outer skeleton. • Jelly-like body • Have stinging tentacles • Body not divided into segments BACK Vertebrates Fish Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds • • • • • • • Have fins Have scaly skin Breathe with gills Live in water Need water to breed Lay eggs Cold-blooded • There are many types of Amphibians living today • Most can be placed in the following groups • Live on land and in water • Breathe using gills as young and lungs as adults • Moist soft skin • Need water to breed • Lay eggs in water • Cold-blooded • Amphibians gave rise to reptiles. • Today, these can be classified into the following groups. • Dry, scaly skin • Cold-blooded • Do not need water to breed • Lay eggs on land • Warm-blooded. • Have fur. • Give birth to live young. • Suckle their young • Echidna (Spiny anteater) and Platypus lay eggs • Warm-blooded • Have scales and feathers • Lay eggs BACK You are the head Zoo Keeper at Edinburgh Zoo and have the reputation of being able to look after animals that other zoos cannot. You are working late taking care of an injured tapir and have not had any sleep . Meanwhile………… 3.00am On an – Somewhere anonymousoff tipthe off east UK Customs coast of Scotland……. intercept a suspicious cargo ship Shortly afterwards you receive the following message…… Important message…… requires immediate action We have an emergency. Customs have intercepted a shipment of animals being smuggled into the country. The animals have been handed over to the zoo and need to be taken care of. There are a lot of animals which are rare and require special care. They are also interesting and would make good specimens that the public would love to come and see in your zoo. The animals have been taken good care of but are in small cages. There is no paper work and we can’t return them to the wild. Your task, should you decide to accept it, is to…… Find out as much as you can about one of the animals and to design a cage or enclosure which would allow them to live a healthy life. We also need you to provide information to be included on a sign by the cage which will give some information about the animal ( an example is given ). Cave for bear to shelter A mate Mmm! a dietary supplement ? High, vertical wall to keep the public safe. Crikey ! A variety of places to go to prevent boredom Meat to eat ‘Toys’ to play with Water to drink Deep pool for the polar bear to swim Common Name Polar Bear Latin Name Ursus maritimus Information Distribution Habitat Arctic Ice flows in winter near shore in summer. Food and Predators They have no natural predators and eat mainly seals. Polar bears are the largest species of bear and are the largest land carnivore. Males Females Body length 240-260cm 190-210cm Weight 400-600kg 200-300kg Interesting Facts Polar bear fur is not white !! It is hollow. Are They Endangered ? They are threatened by melting ice caps. BACK • The following slides deal with different Microbes. Microbes Viruses Bacteria Fungi Simple Organisms • Very small Microbes (5 million on a pin head). • Not technically alive. • Not affected by antibiotics. • HIV, Influenza and common cold. • Viruses need living cells to reproduce. Virus inject host cell with DNA Cell dies and releases Viruses Cell is made to produce more Viruses • Microscopic, but larger than viruses. • Many different shapes. • Some are useful eg. Yoghurt production. • Salmonella, Cholera, ‘Strep’ throat. One bacterial cell divides and becomes two. These two divide and become four. 1st Cell Division 2nd Cell Division Beginning with one cell, how many bacteria will there be after 10 cell divisions? • Some are large eg Mushrooms. • Many are useful eg Mushrooms may be edible and can be used to make Mycoprotein. • Yeast is used to make Bread, Beer and Wine. Euglena Amoeba Paramecium • These are freeliving, singlecelled organisms. • Some are predators, some have chloroplasts and are like plants. • Others are parasites eg Malaria BACK Place a droplet of yeast in water on the slide. You may wish to place a cover slip over the sample. Now, examine the yeast cells under the Microscope Yeast produces Alcohol and bubbles of Carbon Dioxide by the process of Fermentation Limewater – turns cloudy with Carbon Dioxide gas. Yeast, Sugar and Water Fermentation is anaerobic respiration (respiration without Oxygen) in yeast. (turns Limewater cloudy) BACK Fungi – Many mushrooms are edible. Yeast has several uses. Bacteria – have several uses • In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, noticed a fungus growing on a petri dish of Bacteria. • He observed that where the fungus grew, the bacteria did not. • Something the fungus was making was inhibiting the bacteria. • The fungus was called Penicillium notatum. • The substance killing the bacteria was penicillin. • Later, scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain developed this penicillin into the first Antibiotic. • Thanks to this new drug, millions of troops worldwide were saved from disease and infection during the second world war. Microbes (bacteria and Fungi) are responsible for recycling nutrients in the environment. Without them, all other living things would eventually die. This recycling of nutrients is done by DECOMPOSITION. Predators Herbivores Wastes & Death Plants Nutrients from decomposition used by plants Decomposition by Microbes • Carbon and Nitrogen are found in all living things. • It is important that these elements are recycled in the environment. Carbon Dioxide In air Eating Death and Wastes Decomposer Microbes In soil Nitrogen-making bacteria in plant roots Nitrogen in air Nitrogen in Animals Eating Nitrogenmaking bacteria Nitrogen in Plants Death and Wastes Nitrate-making Bacteria In soil Uptake of Nitrate by plants BACK • There are many diseases which are very difficult to cure. • Some Microbes have proved difficult to destroy. • They have earned the nickname SUPERBUGS. • These are a few which are resistant to antibiotics. • Staphylococcus aureus. • This bacteria can be resistant to many antibiotics. • It is called multiple resistance staphylococcus aureus or MRSA. • Clostridium difficile. • This causes very bad swelling of the large intestine and diarrhoea. • Has shown resistance to many antibiotics. • Salmonella and E. coli. • Both can come from contaminated food. • 80% E.coli in contaminated meat show resistance to at least one drug. • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). • Attacks the immune system. • No known cure. • Anti-viral drugs do help prolong life. • Final stages of infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). • There are several ways to stop Microbes entering the body. Enzymes in Tears Mucus in Windpipe Skin Acid in Stomach • In the blood. • White Blood Cells – Some of these engulf and destroy microbes. • Other White cells make Antibodies which attach to and help destroy microbes. Antibodies Bacteria cell Microbe-eating white cell uses antibodies to eat bacteria Antibodymaking white cell. Antibodies stick to bacteria cell • To become immune against a disease, a vaccine is injected into your blood. • The vaccine is made from a dead microbe. • Your white cells learn how to destroy it but you don’t catch the disease. Dead bacteria destroyed! If you are infected by the real thing, you don’t catch the disease. • To stop the spread of infection, what should you always do first? • In hospitals. • Fresh food will ‘go off’ if left uneaten. • Spoilage organisms like bacteria and mould cause this. Microbes can spoil food by making it ‘go off’. We can stop microbes growing and preserve our food in a number of ways. Canning Pickling Freezing Refrigeration Salting Drying BACK