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Secession & the Outbreak
of the Civil War
Secession in the South
 Lincoln’s
election led to
The failed Crittenden
secessionCompromise
by 7 statesinin1860
the
Deep South but that did not
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
necessarily mean “civil war”
 Two things had to happen first:
–One last failed attempt to
reconcile the North & South
–The North had to use its
military to protect the Union
Upper South
didthe
notU.S.
view
Some The
Northerners
thought
Lincoln’s
election
a death
sentence
would
be better
off as
if the
South
& did not
secede immediately
was allowed
to peacefully
secede
SC seceded on
The entire Deep South Dec 20,1860
seceded by Feb 1861
“Lame duck” Buchanan took no action
to stop the South from seceding
The Decision to Secede
What is the “United States”?
 The
Southern decision to secede
was based on old arguments:
Individuals
have
the aright
to own property
–The USA
was
“compact
(slaves) & have the right to have their
between
states,”
not aSlave
national
property
returned
(Fugitive
Law)
gov’thad
“above
the states”
Southerners
threatened
secession during a
Congressional
debatestates
over slavery
1790, the
–Therefore,
couldinleave
Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis
the& Union
freely
& peacefully
of 1832,
the crisis
over California
in 1850
–States’ rights must be protected
as a guarantee of liberty
The
CSA constitution
resembled theofU.S.,
Secession
& the Formation
the but
with 4 key
changes:
(1) it the
protected
states’
On
Feb
4,
1861,
Confederate
Confederate
States
of
America
rights,
(2) guaranteed
slavery,
(3)
referenced
States of America were formed
God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs
Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis
was elected CSA president
The Deep South Secedes
 Moderate
Republicans proposed
the Crittenden Compromise to lure
Lincoln
rejectedback
it
The the
South
rejected it
the South
into
Union:
because he was
because they had
–offered
to
extend
the aMissouri
Allow
peaceful
separation…OR…
committed
tofor
free
soil
created
new nation
fight to preserve
Union
Compromise
line tothe
the
Pacific
–promised a Constitutional
amendment to protect slavery
 Both Lincoln & Davis rejected
the compromise leaving the North
with 2 choices…
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
In April 1861, a skirmish at Fort Sumter, SC
led to the 1st shots fired of the Civil War
The attack
rallied of
& unified
the North for war
Effects
Fort Sumter
Civil War was not technically
between slave states & free states
(the “border states” of MO, KY,
DE, MD did not secede)
Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas,
TN, NC, & VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act
of aggression by the North & joined the CSA
Adjusting to
Total War
Northern Advantages
 At
the outbreak of the Civil War,
the North had lots of advantages:
–Larger population for troops
–Greater industrial capacity
–Huge edge in RR transportation
 Problem for the North:
–Had to invade the South to win
–Difficult to maintain enthusiasm
& support for war over time
Resources of the Union and the
Confederacy, 1861
Southern Advantages
 Although
outnumbered & less
industrial, South had advantages:
–President Davis knew that they
did not have to “win” the war;
the South
only
had to drag out
“King
Cotton”
the fightdiplomacy
& make the North quit
–Had the best military leaders
–England
& France appeared
Robert
E
“Stonewall”
J.E.B.
Lee more willing
Jackson
to support Stuart
the South
Winfield
Scott’s
Anaconda
Plan
Southern
strategy
was an
“offensive
defense”:
Take
the
CSA
capital
drag control
out the war
& strategically
attack
the
Take
of the
at
Richmond
North toRiver
destroy Northern morale
Mississippi
Ulysses
Grant in the
West
Divide the West
from South
Blockade the
Southern coast
George
McClellan
was in
charge of
Army of the
Potomac
Political Leadership During the Civil War
 Davis was less
 Lincoln
effective:
expanded his
–concerned
powers:
mainly
with
–declared
military duties
martial law
–neglected the
–imprisoned
economy
“subversives”
–obstructed by
–briefly closed
state governors
down a few
who resisted
newspapers
conscription
The Diplomatic Struggle
 From
1861 to 1862, the South
used “cotton diplomacy” to get
England & France to aid them:
–Napoleon III favored the South
but wanted England to do so 1st
–England offered “belligerent”
status to the CSA; but otherwise
chose a hands-off policy
 By 1863, “King Cotton” diplomacy
failed because Egyptian & Indian
cotton filled the European demand
Fighting the Civil War
From 1861-1863, the South consistently
beat the North due to poor Union leadership
& the Southern defensive strategy
The
Civil
War
1st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on
The
U.S.
&
CSA
forces
fought
to
a
July
21,
1861;
“On
to
Richmond”
campaign
draw
at
Antietam
in
Sept
1862—the
was
repulsed
by
“Stonewall”
Jackson
single bloodiest day of the Civil War
Fighting
“Total
War”
Women took
gov’t jobs
as bookkeepers,
clerks & secretaries;
Cone-shaped
bullets &A number of womenst

The
Civil
War
was
the
world’s
1
also
served
as
spies
(Rose
Greenhow,
CSA)
grooved barrel rifles
Massive
frontal
assaults
and
massed
“total
war”
in
which
the
entire
Repeatingwith
rifles
formations
as &
many as 100,000 soldiers
economy
was devoted to winning:
the
Gatling gun
–North
& South
Shrapnel,
booby
traps, drafted soldiers
& land mines
–North & South employed female
workers to meet supply demands
Women’s
most
prominentold
roletactics,
were as nurses
–New
weapons,
&
on the battlefield: distributing medical
sheer
numbers
of
troops
in
supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering
battletoled
to massive
comfort
wounded
or dyingcasualties
soldiers
Battle of the Ironclads (1862):
CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor
Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built
using the remains of the USS Merrimack
USS Monitor was a revolutionary design:
rotating turret & low profile
Casualties of the Civil War
Confederate Prison Camp in
Andersonville, GA
Union Prison Camp at Andersonville,
GA
Built to hold 10,000 prisoners;
but held more than 32,000 Union POWs
Mobilizing the Home Fronts
The draft was unpopular among Southern
 Both&the
North antiwar
& South
faced
governors
Northern,
“Copperheads”
problems supporting the war:
–Both sides began running out of
troops; in 1862, the North &
South began conscription (draft)
–Funding the war was difficult;
both sides printed paper money
(greenbacks) to accommodate
spending needs; led to runaway
inflation (9,000% in the South)
The Coming of Emancipation
 At
the beginning of the war, the
North was fighting to preserve the
Union, not to abolish slavery
 By mid-1862, many Northerners
called for immediate emancipation
–Congress refused a gradual plan
–Many thought immediate
freedom for slaves would lure
England & France into alliance
–Southern victories pressured the
North to “strike back”
"My paramount object in this
struggle is to save the Union, and
is not either to save or to destroy
slavery. If I could save the Union
without freeing any slave I would
do it, and if I could save it by
freeing all the slaves I would do it;
and if I could save it by freeing
some and leaving others alone I
would also do that."
—Abraham Lincoln, 1862
The Emancipation Proclamation
 Union
“success” at Antietam led
Lincoln to issue the Emancipation
Proclamation on January 1, 1863:
–Lincoln freed all slaves in
Confederate territories
Read the text of Lincoln’s
–This
did
not
free
a
single
slave
Emancipation Proclamation
but Passed
it gaveafter
thethe
North
new
Civil a
War
ended
on the
Jan 31,
1865
reason
fight
Civil
War
–Inspired slaves to flee North
 Pushed for the 13th Amendment
Emancipation in 1863
The border states could keep their slaves
(until 13th amendment passed in 1865)
The Tide Turns in 1863
 By New
earlyYork
1863,
North
Citythe
Draft
Riot
& South
both faced morale problems:
–South—economic & diplomatic
collapse, runaway slaves, &
many yeomen refused to fight
–North—consistent losses
against Lee, draft riots in NYC,
anti-war “Copperheads” played
on war failures & racial anxieties
Fight to the Finish
 But
by 1863, the war began to
turn in favor of the North:
–Northern supremacy in industry
& manpower began to take its
toll on the exhausted South
–The North began enlisting
blacks into the Union army;
200,000 fought as soldiers &
many others served as labor in
the Northern war effort
Grant
began
a siege
on Richmond
and…
Due
to
Grant’s
success
in
the
west,
In Lincoln
July 1863,
General
Grant
took
Vicksburg
made
Grant
supreme
commander
& of
gained
control
of
the
Mississippi
River
Union army in 1864; Grant devised a
strategy to invade the South on all fronts
The
Civil
War
Lee ledSherman
an attackbegan
into the
William
hisNorth,
lostsea”
at Gettysburg;
1st
“marchbut
to the
(Atlanta to North’s
Savannah)
real victoryofinmilitary
the east value
& destroyed everything
Now
we
are
engaged
in
a
The
world
will
little
—that
we here highly
Gettysburg
Address
great civil war, testing
But,or
in long
a larger
sense,
note
remember
resolve
that
these
dead
whether
that
nation,
or
any
ItFour
is
rather
for
us
to
be
score
and
seven
we can
not
dedicate,
what
we
say
here,
but
shall
not
have
died
in
nation
so conceived
and
soit
here
dedicated
to
the
years
ago
our
we
not
consecrate,
dedicated,
canforget
longnation,
endure.
cancan
never
what
vain—that
this
great
task
remaining
forefathers
brought
We
are
met
on
a
great
battlewe
can
not
hallow
this
they
did
here.
It
is
fora
under God, shall have
before
us—that
field of
that
war.
Wefrom
have
forth
on
this
continent,
ground.
For
the
brave
us
the
living,
rather,
to
new
birth
of
freedom—
come
tohonored
dedicate
adead
portion
of
these
we
a
new
nation,
men,
living
and
dead,
be
dedicated
hereresting
to the
and
that
government
of
that
field,
as a final
take
increased
devotion
conceived
in
Liberty,
who
struggled
place
for
those
who
here
unfinished
work
which
the people,
byhere,
the
to
that
cause
for
which
and
dedicated
to
the
gave
their
lives
that
that
have
consecrated
it far
they
whoand
fought
here
people,
for the
they
gave
the
last
full
nation
might
live.
Itall
is
proposition
that
abovethus
our
poor
power
have
far
so
nobly
people,
shall
not
perish
altogether
fitting
andequal.
proper
measure
of
devotion—
men
are
created
tofrom
add
or detract.
advanced.
the
earth.
that
we
should
do this.
Election of 1864
 Meanwhile,
Lincoln faced a tough
re-election in 1864 against
General George McClellan:
–War failures were a key issue
–Radical Republicans considered
dropping Lincoln from the ticket
 But, when Atlanta fell during
Sherman’s
“March
to
the
Sea,”
nd
In his 2 inaugural address, Lincoln promised
Lincoln regained
support
and
was
a Reconstruction
Plan for
the Union
with
“malice
towards none reelected
& charity for all”
overwhelmingly
Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865
In April 1865, Grant faced off
with Lee outside Richmond;
Lee was cut off from the South
On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered
to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse,
ending the fighting of Civil War
The Death of Lincoln
 Northern
celebration was short lived;
On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot
by pro-Southerner John Wilkes Booth
Effects of the War
Effects of the War
 Social
changes:
–618,000 troops were dead
–Women in both the North &
South were forced to take on
more non-domestic roles
–13th Amendment ended slavery
–Nativism decreased as many
immigrants fought in Civil War
EndedEffects
the Southern
argument
of the
War over
nullification
&
states’
rights
 Political changes:
–The Civil War established that
the national gov’t is supreme
over the states
–With no Southern opposition,
Republicans passed new laws:
Homestead Act (1862), Morrill
Act (1862), a protective tariff,
land grants to RR companies, &
a national banking system
Conclusions
 The
turning point of the war: 1863
–The Civil War began as a
conflict “to preserve the Union,”
but by 1863 it became a war for
human liberty (Emancipation
Proclamation was issued)
–The South dominated the early
campaigns of the war due, but
by 1863 (Gettysburg) the weight
of Northern industry & population
wore down the South