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Finnigan
Nōmen/Numerus:_________________________________/____
Hora: _____ Diēs: _____________
Term 3 Project
Famous Figures of the Roman Republic
Section 07 (Green) Handouts
I. Tiberius Gracchus
II. Gaius Gracchus
III. Gaius Marius
(IV. L. Cornelius Sulla)
V. Cn. Pompeius Magnus
VI. C. Iulius Caesar
Aleena, Taylah, Angie & Mariana
Finnigan Latin/ Sec. 7
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus Study Guide
Private Life:
- Born: 168-163 BCE (not confirmed) Rome, Italy.
- Assassinated: 133 BCE Rome, Italy.
Family:
- Father: Tiberius Gracchus the elder (consul & a
military commander)
- Mother: Cornelia Africana (patrician family of Scipios)
- Brother: Gaius Gracchus (tribune)
- Wife: Claudia Pulchra
Public Life:
- elected tribune in 133 BC
- officer in the 3rd Punic war
- known for his bravery and discipline
- signed a peace treaty in 137 BCE to save the Roman army
- Publius Satyreius, Tiberius’ tribune, was the first to strike Tiberius in the head in 133
BCE.
Main Events Involving Tiberius:
- saved 20,000 Roman soldiers in Numantia, though when defeated thought the senate
disliked it because of the Roman honor.
- proposed to distribute publicly owned land to Roman citizens so they'd be able to fight in
the militia, which was controversial among wealthy citizens.
- Tiberius tried to take Octavius out of power because he vetoed his law but the people saw
it as a way of undermining the tribunate.
- When the law was enacted Octavius got taken out of power and people found this to be
unacceptable but Tiberius defended his actions by speaking to the people.
- Tiberius’ safety was in danger because the wealthy didn't agree with his actions and
because his plan was to give the people more power.
- Publius Nascia led an angry mob to attack Tiberius and his supporters, this turned into a
bloodbath and Tiberius was killed by Publius Satyreius
Latin 3
Finnigan
Nōmen/Numerus:___________________/___
Hora VII Diēs:______________________
Quest Review: Gaius Sempronius Gracchus
Julia P., Daria , Eva, Julia O.
Private Life:
● Gaius Gracchus was born in approximately ____BCE.
● His brother was Tiberius Gracchus, a politician who attempted land reforms, but was killed. He
influenced Gaius greatly in many of his reforms.
● His father was Tiberius Gracchus the Elder, a rich and powerful aristocrat.
● His mother was Cornelia Africana, daughter of Scipio Africanus.
Early Political Career:
● He started out as a quaestor in ___ BCE, in Sardinia.
● There was a disastrous winter, and many crops were destroyed. A nearby garrison stole supplies
from villages under his domain, and although Gaius went to the Senate so that they might be
punished, the Senate ruled that the garrison would be allowed to keep the provisions. Since this
had not worked, he appealed to the Senate again, to grant him additional supplies, but was denied.
However, the countries of Numidia and Micipsa sent help to Gaius. The Senate, though, did not
allow him to receive this help, because they feared that Gracchus would form an alliance with
them, to take over. But, they did order the removal of the garrison.
● Everyone expected Gracchus to be promoted, after this incident, but the Senate ordered him to
remain as a quaestor in Sardinia. A riot broke out when this was issued, so he was moved up to
the rank of tribune the next year.
Tribuneship:
● Gaius Gracchus was tribune from _____ to _____.
● During this time, he passed many laws and reforms that made him unpopular amongst politicians,
but a favorite of the common people.
Social Reforms:
● A magistrate deposed by people could not hold office a second time.
● People could prosecute any magistrate who had exiled citizens without a trial.
Lex Frumentaria: Law provisions
● Sold grain at ____ price to the poor
● Had land holdings for veterans outside of _______
● Made more roads through Italy for _____ and _______________
Lex Militēs: Military law
● Forbade the draft of anyone under _____.
● Required the distribution of clothes and equipment to soldiers.
Lex Acilia:
● Placed the ______ in charge of trials dealing with extortion.
● This law was extremely unpopular in the senate since it put the rank of senators with the minor
rank of the equitēs
Death:
● He was killed in____BCE.
● An attendant of one of his political rivals was making his way through a crowd of Gracchan
supporters, and begged Gaius not to destroy the state. Gaius laughed at him, and the crowd beat
●
the attendant to death, against the tribune’s wishes. He was, along with his ally Fulvius,
summoned for trial. Fulvius refused the summons, and although Gaius assented, a mob of angry
opposers gathered and killed Fulvius.
After Gaius fled the city from the mob, his slave helped him commit suicide in the Grove of
Furrina.
Good or Bad?
● Gaius Gracchus set a dangerous standard, which, unfortunately for Rome, was followed by more
politicians determined to do whatever was necessary to get what they wanted, using the Senātūs
Cōnsultum Ultimum. But he himself was, essentially, a good man. He fought and died for the
sake of the Roman people, even when it did not benefit him at all. Although the Senate may have
hated him, there can be no doubt that he was adored by the people.
Max S., Toby, Imani, Ashik
Gaius Marius
Early Life
● Born 157 BCE in Arpinum
● Born into the equestrian class
● Runs for local office as a tribune
● Has connections with the powerful Metelli family
● Served under Scipio Aemilianus in the war against Numidia
● Scipio mentioned that Marius would become a general someday.
Early Political Career
● With the support of the Metelli he became tribune of the people in 119
● Proposed a law limiting the amount of influence powerful aristocrats could have on
voters. The consuls refused so he threatened to throw them in jail and so the law was
passed
● Bribed his way into becoming praetor in 115 and was nearly arrested for it.
● Spent 115-113 as governor of hispania, during this time he marries Julia Caesar, Caesar's
aunt
● Spent time fighting in the Jugurtha war under his family friend Quintus Caecilius
Metellus
● Thinks he can win this war faster than Metellus and so decides to run for consul in that
platform
First Six Consulships (107-101 BCE)
● Gets rid of the barbarian threat of the Cimbri and the Teutones
● He allows anyone to enlist in the army in return they get land and wealth
● Earns trust and loyalty from his soldiers and the Roman people
● Ends the war in Numidia
● Made connections with Saturnalius, a crooked politician, who through a botched
assassination got Marius kicked out of consulship
90s BCE
● With his last consulship having ended shamefully, he goes into self exile
● Doesn't have a major role in politics for the next 13 years
● Serves as a commander in the social war but by now is old and so has to leave early
War With Sulla
● As consul, Sulla was to fight against King Mithridates
● Marius wanted this position
● tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus was able to give Marius the position
● Sulla marched on Rome with an army
● The censor was killed and Marius fled
● Marius was later captured but escaped execution
● Marius was banished to Carthage
● The consul, Cinna was kicked out of Rome after attempting to introduce a new legislation
● He raised an army to besiege Rome and was joined by Marius
● Thousands were killed during the siege of the city
● They were let in after Cinna promised to stop killing
● Marius continued to slaughter for 5 days
● Both were made consuls the next year
● Marius died on January 13, 86 BCE of natural causes
Max H., Xander, Julia D., Linda
Mr. Finnigan
Latin III
2/15/17
Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix
Before Fame:
● Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (born Lucius Cornelius Sulla), was born in 138 BCE into a patrician
family.
● Sulla wished to lead a political career.
● Sulla would begin his political career in 107 BCE at the age of 31 under the command of Gaius
Marius.
Political Career:
● Under the command of Gaius Marius, Sulla served as a quaestor, which was a form of financial
magistrate, in the war against the Numidians and their king, Jugurtha.
● Sulla surprised everyone with his unprecedented capture of Jugurtha, which gained him
popularity, and Marius became jealous as a result of this. He fought under Marius against the
Cimbri, but his jealousy and anger towards Sulla became noticeable.
● Sulla was then transferred to Marius’ co-commander, Quintus Lutatius Catulus.
● Sulla served as Praetor (chief magistrate) in 97 BCE, which only added to his renown.
● He then fought in the Social War from 90-89 BCE, which was the struggle of Rome’s Italian allies
attempting to gain citizenship and freedom.
● In 88 BCE, Sulla served as consul, and that same year he married his fourth wife, Caecilia
Metella, which gained him affinity with powerful patrician families in Rome.
● Sulla was almost awarded control over an army that was to aid the war effort against King
Mithridates VI of Pontus, but due to Marius’ relationship with the tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus,
he was given command of the army instead.
● In his rage and defiance, Sulla marched on Rome and killed Sulpicius, but Marius escaped.
● Following this, Sulla set off to wage war against Mithridates.
● Sulla captured Athens by 86 BCE, ending the war with Mithridates.
● Sulla forced Mithridates to begrudgingly agree to a peace treaty, and Mithridates became a vassal
of Rome once more.
● After a lengthy stay in Athens, Sulla began his journey back to Rome with large amounts of
plunder and 40,000 men.
● During his absence, Sulla had been declared an enemy of the Roman state, and he marched on
Rome (for the second time) at the Battle of Colline Gate from Brundisium, aided by allies such as
Pompey and Crassus.
● Sulla defeated Gnaeus Papirius Carbo and the younger Marius in the ensuing battle (they were
consuls at the time), and Sulla therefore took control over Rome. In the following days, Sulla and
his allies massacred those who were supporters of Marius and Carbo.
● Sulla became the rank of dictator, of which he declared for an indefinite amount of time.
● The Roman state was reformed, and Sulla’s new legislation was enacted. Sulla doubled the size of
the senate and made a list of those who he saw enemies of the Roman Republic.
● In 81 BCE, he chose the name Felix for himself as a way to show his belief in his own luck.
● In making his reforms, Sulla hoped to reestablish the supremacy of the senate, and his reforms
lasted the rest of the republic. However, Sulla unwittingly paved the way for Caesar and others.
Private Life:
● In 79 BCE, Sulla resigned from his position of dictator.
● He withdrew to the small town of Puteoli, where he continued to live the rest of his life as a
private citizen and write his memoirs.
● Sulla died to a fever in the year of 78 BCE.
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus
By Emma, Nicholas, Crystal, and Mateo
Born: September 29, 106 BC in Picenum, (Italy) Roman Republic
Died: September 28, 48 BC in Pelusium, Egypt
Early Career/Private Life
● His father, Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo was significant in bringing Pompey into politics. Strabo
served as quaestor, praetor, and consul in Rome. He fought on Sulla’s side (Optimates) in the
Social War, against Marius and his supporters (populares). In fact, towards the end of the war
Pompey the Great joined in and fought on Sulla’s side, as well. Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo later died
during Sulla’s first civil war.
● In his life, Pompey had five wives. The three most notable ones were his second, third, and fourth
wives. His second wife was Sulla’s step-daughter, Aemilia; Pompey’s third wife was Mucia, with
whom he had his three children; his fourth wife, Julia, Caesar’s daughter, played a key role in the
start of the first triumvirate.
● In 83 BC, Pompey was sent as pro praetor with his army (he had an army of three legions) to
essentially put down rebellions, and take back lands the Marians had taken over, in Sicily and
Africa. Following these military wins, Pompey asked Sulla to give him his first triumph, and Sulla
eventually agreed. Pompey the great was given his first triumph in 81 BC.
● He was granted his second triumph in 71 BC, following two successful defeats. First, in 77 BC, he
had been sent as pro consule to Spain to aid Metellus in defeating Sertorius. When he returned in
71 BC he was sent to end the Slave War, defeating Spartacus (though Pompey took credit for this,
it was actually due to Crassus’ success that this war ended).
Consulship/Pre-triumvirate
● Pompey was in office as consul three times–70 BC to 69 BC, 55 BC to 54 BC, and 52 BC to 51
BC.
● In 70 BCE, Pompey and his rival Crassus were elected as joint consuls.
● Together they repealed some Sullan policies and brought back the power of the Tribunes. After
the consulship, Pompey decided to fight the crisis of pirates which was granted under the Gabinian
Law.
● After successfully dealing with the piracy in three months, in 66 BCE he was allowed to control
the army against Mithridates VI of Pontus and defeated him in 63 BCE.
● Pompey then created new provinces which included Bithynia-Pontus, Syria and Cilicia. Pompey’s
reorganization of the east effected Rome’s advancement and was one of most influential
accomplishments.
● In 62 BCE, he finally returned to Brundisium and disbanded his army and in 61 BCE he was given
his 3rd triumph, which lasted two days.
● The following decade resulted in Pompey’s rise in glory and power. He did face some difficulties
due to Cato the Younger, such as the denial of his eastern settlements.
Triumvirate
● In 61 BCE, Caesar had returned from Spain and Pompey created the First Triumvirate
along with Crassus.
● When Caesar was elected to the consul, he provided many beneficial deeds for Pompey
such as providing land-grants to his past soldiers.
● He also had his eastern settlements ratified. Pompey divorced his wife, and married
Caesar’s daughter Julia.
● Later on, he resolved a situation with Rome’s grain supply.
● He and Crassus were elected consuls again in 55 BCE and were granted with commands in
Spain.
● Pompey governed from Italy while he had legates in Spain.
● The Triumvirate began to fall apart after Julia had died in 54 BCE and Crassus was killed
in Parthia in 53 BCE.
● Pompey became the only consul when Clodius was murdered in 62 BCE. Pompey and
Caesar began to have issues and it resulted in civil war.
Civil War
● In 54 B.C.E. Julia, Caesar's daughter, died in childbirth. This was the beginning of the fall of the
Triumvirate as relations were severed between Pompey and Caesar.
● Then in 53 B.C.E. Crassus died in Parthia. Both of these events increased the tension between
Pompey and Caesar.
● Caesar was returning from Gaul. Pompey assembled an army to stop Caesar from coming back
and taking over Rome.
● When Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 B.C.E. civil war was declared
● Pompey met Caesar at the battle of Pharsalus in 48 B.C.E. Pompey was easily defeated by
Caesar's battle hardened troops who had won many battles in Gaul. He was defeated and fled to
Egypt.
● Pompey was assassinated in Egypt, in 48 B.C.E. King Ptolemy XIII ordered his assassination in an
attempt to get on Caesars good side. The result of his death was Caesar coming into power and the
fall of the Roman Republic.
Lucas, Ashley, Will, Feven
Sec 7
2/13/17
Gaius Julius Caesar Handout
Birthday/Death:
1. Birth: 12/13 July, 100 BCE, Rome
2. Death: 15 March, 44 BCE, Rome
Family:
1. Uncle is Gaius Marius
2. Wives: Cornelia (84~69 BCE; her death); Pompeia (67~61 BCE; divorced); Calpurnia (59~44
BCE; his death)
3. Children: Julia c. 76–54 BCE; Caesarion 47–30 BC; Augustus (born G. Octavianus) (adoptive) 63
BCE–14 AD
Early Childhood:
1. He grew up in a middle class family, and in 85 BC his father passed away, when Caesar was at the
young age of 16. This propelled him to be the head of his family.
Major Battles/ Campaigns:
1. As an military legate Caesar was awarded the the Civic crown in 79 BCE for saving someone's life
on the battlefield.
2. 4 years later he was kidnapped on his way to Greece by Cilician pirates who held him up for
random. When he finally got free he killed his captors but spared them the brutal torture.
3. He conquered and governed Gaul (Cisalpine Gaul, Transalpine Gaul and Illyricum), the
conquering of which ended (roughly) with the Battle of Alesia.
4. When Caesar’s efforts to become consul legally didn't work he crossed the Rubicon river (the die
is cast), and this started the civil war in 49 BCE
5. In the last battle, at Pharsalus, Pompey came with 46,000 men and Caesar had 21,000. Despite the
obvious disadvantage Caesar won. Caesar forgave the Roman citizens he captured, but Pompey
was able to get away to Egypt.
6. Caesar put down a fight in Asia Minor and defeated Pharnaces. This is where his saying “ veni,
vidi, vici (“I came, I saw, I conquered”) came from.
7. Caesar returned to Rome he realized he had to take care of disturbances caused by Anthony. He
then convinced his troops to sail to Thapsus where he defeated the Optimates. Cato killed himself
because he didn't want to be forgiven by Caesar
8. In the month of April, 45 BCE Caesar was forced to defeat Pompey's kids, Gnaeus and Sextus, at
the battle of Munda in Spain. Sextus escaped without his brother who was killed.
The First Triumvirate
Created to undermine the power of the senate and to have 3 consuls (Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar) rule
Rome. Caesar promised to help his fellow consuls drive their agendas if they worked with him. With
Pompey's popularity and Crassus weath Caesar realized they would have an immense amount of
influence.
Policies/ Lasting developments:
Caesar was a man of the people.
1. He had rules and regulations against extortion.
2. Caesar granted citizenships to most people and they would get civil rights and profit from his
empire.
3. He protected the jews and had rules opposing extravagance.
4. He reconstructed the senate house which he named Curia Julia and the speakers platform.
5. Caesar also took care of the poor and offered them life in cities like Corinth.
6. Some of his political goals he wrote down in a letter were“tranquility for Italy, peace for the
provinces, and security for the Empire.”
7. His methods included :resolving debt crisis, finding land for veterans without taking it from
others, revising the Roman calendar,strengthening of the middle class, and making raising the
amount of senators to 900.
8. As dictator he resembled more of a general then a consul or political leader.Since Caesar’s
absolute power had been established he was choosing magisters and making coins with his face on
it. He had statues of him to be worshipped.
War Books:
1. De Bello Gallico, De Bello Civili, De Bello Africo, De Bello Hispaniensi
English Channel:
The Romans first crossed the English Channel with Caesar as the commander in 54 BCE on a
voyage to Britain.
Egypt:
1. Caesar pushed Pompey into Egypt (which would later result in his death) and while he was there
Cleopatra, the daughter of Ptolemy snuck back into Alexandria and asked Caesar to help her get
her throne back.
2. While Caesar was in the process of burning the Egyptian fleets and helping Cleopatra The Library
of Alexandria was accidentally burned.
3. On February, 47 BCE: Caesar couldn't capture the lighthouse Pharos. He is said to have swan with
one hand above the water to make sure documents were safe from the water and the Egyptians.
4. On March, 47 BCE: When Roman soldiers came to Caesar's side in Alexandria he was able to
defeat the Egyptian army (Ptolemy XIII died in this battle).
5. Caesar and Cleopatra had a relationship while he was there and together they bore one child
named Caesarion.
Love by Plebeians:
Caesar was a one of the populares, who drew their power from the Plebeians. When he was an aedile he
put himself into debt through the lavish parties (bread and circuses) that he threw. As a senator he fought
for land redistribution for the poor and for soldiers. As a general he gave his troops lands and wealth.
Political party (populares):
(His political history)
1. Caesar was elected military Tribune in 72 BCE then in 69 BCE after marrying Sulla's daughter,
Pompeia.
2. He was elected quaestor and had a seat in the senate.
3. 4 years later he was elected curule aedile. He very much needed the public to like him, so he
borrowed money Crassius to host games and activities.
4. In 63 he was elected chief priest (pontifex Maximus ) and praetor in 61. The same year he was
sent to the province of Further Spain as propraetor.
5. He managed to convince Crassus and Pompey to help him get elected consul in return he would
help drive their agendas.
6. He was finally consul in 59 BCE despite Marcus Porcius Cato's efforts to stop him. Cato was
actually sent to prison for opposing Caesar. Caesar worked alongside Bibulus whom he was
competing against. Bibulus was an optimates. He was kept from speaking against Caesar by
Caesar's body guards.
7. In 56 Caesar came back from Gaul to discuss his alliance with Pompey and Crassus, he would be
in control of Gaul until 49 BCE. With the death of Julia and Crassus Pompey and Caesar had no
ties. Pompey soon switched to the Optimates and became sole consul of Rome.
8. Caesar was free from prosecution as long as he held power in Gaul. The Optimates knew this, and
they wanted to shorten his rule. Caesar thought of running for consul so he could return to rome.
9. When Caesar’s efforts to become consul legally didn't work he crossed the Rubicon river (the die
is cast), and this started the civil war in 49 BCE.Pompey's legions were in Spain so Caesar went to
Rome, created his own senate and became dictator.
Legacy: Being Dictator perpetuo led to the rise of Augustus as emperor and the end of the
Republic.Thus, the Roman Empire began. His Campaigns spread Greco-Roman (Hellenic) culture into
central/western Europe