Download Bacteria Notes Pre AP Teacher 14-15

II. Kingdom Eubacteria (true bacteria) text p. 471
Bacteria are located everywhere – air, water, land, on and in living organisms, including
people.
A. General Characteristics
1. All are – unicellular
2. All are – prokaryotic (no nucleus)
3. Can live in both aerobic (with O2) and anaerobic (without O2) environments
B. Example
ribosomes
pili (attachment)
genetic material
cytoplasm
flagella (movement)
cell membrane (inner)
cell wall (outer)
C. Cell Wall – all bacteria have cell walls
1. determines type of cell wall: Gram staining
a. takes up Gram’s purple stain: Gram +
b. does not take up stain, prevented by lipid layer around cell wall: Gram 2. antibiotic used to cure bacterial infection depends on: Gram + or Gram 3. harder to treat: Gram - have more complex cell walls to impede entry of antibiotics
D. Causes disease:
1. destroys cells – of infected organisms by breaking them down for food
2. releases toxins – that travel throughout the body interfering with normal activity of the
host
E. Three Shapes
1. cocci –
round
staphlo -
2. bacilli –
rod
strepto -
3. spirilla –
cluster
chain
spiral
F. Survival
1. tough outer coat forms around DNA and cytoplasm of some bacteria – endospore
can survive a long time and in harsh conditions ex: tetanus in soil
G. Importance
1. Beneficial
a. break down and obtain energy from dead materials – decomposers
b. dairy industry – bacteria in cheese, yogurt, sour cream
c. oil spills – digest petroleum, can clean up small oil spills
d. genetic engineering – recombinant DNA—insert human genes into bacteria plasmid
ex: insulin
e. relationship exists between two different organisms– symbiosis
relationship where both organisms benefit--mutualism
example – E. coli in intestines helps us digest food and make vitamins. In return,
human intestines
provide food and shelter for bacteria.
2. Harmful
a. diseases – pneumonia, strep throat, tuberculosis, tooth decay, bad breath, syphilis,
anthrax, tetanus,
Lyme disease, staph, bacterial meningitis, botulism
b. food spoilage and poisoning – caused by Salmonella and Staphylococcus (handout)
c. antibiotics fight bacterial infections, but often have – digestive side effects
some bacteria are able to survive in presence of antibiotics that kill other bacteria –
antibiotic
resistant bacteria
III. Kingdom Archaebacteria
A. First known prokaryotes – Archaebacteria (archae = ancient)
B. Live in very harsh environments – hot sulfur springs, Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, deep
ocean vents
C. Live in intestines of animals, especially cows and other grazing animals – methanogen
bacteria
They convert C and H into methane (CH4 ) gas which reacts with O2 to produce CO2,
which greatly
affects our - atmosphere by producing CO2 for photosynthesis