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Transcript
II. Kingdom Eubacteria (true bacteria) text p. 471 Bacteria are located everywhere – air, water, land, on and in living organisms, including people. A. General Characteristics 1. All are – unicellular 2. All are – prokaryotic (no nucleus) 3. Can live in both aerobic (with O2) and anaerobic (without O2) environments B. Example ribosomes pili (attachment) genetic material cytoplasm flagella (movement) cell membrane (inner) cell wall (outer) C. Cell Wall – all bacteria have cell walls 1. determines type of cell wall: Gram staining a. takes up Gram’s purple stain: Gram + b. does not take up stain, prevented by lipid layer around cell wall: Gram 2. antibiotic used to cure bacterial infection depends on: Gram + or Gram 3. harder to treat: Gram - have more complex cell walls to impede entry of antibiotics D. Causes disease: 1. destroys cells – of infected organisms by breaking them down for food 2. releases toxins – that travel throughout the body interfering with normal activity of the host E. Three Shapes 1. cocci – round staphlo - 2. bacilli – rod strepto - 3. spirilla – cluster chain spiral F. Survival 1. tough outer coat forms around DNA and cytoplasm of some bacteria – endospore can survive a long time and in harsh conditions ex: tetanus in soil G. Importance 1. Beneficial a. break down and obtain energy from dead materials – decomposers b. dairy industry – bacteria in cheese, yogurt, sour cream c. oil spills – digest petroleum, can clean up small oil spills d. genetic engineering – recombinant DNA—insert human genes into bacteria plasmid ex: insulin e. relationship exists between two different organisms– symbiosis relationship where both organisms benefit--mutualism example – E. coli in intestines helps us digest food and make vitamins. In return, human intestines provide food and shelter for bacteria. 2. Harmful a. diseases – pneumonia, strep throat, tuberculosis, tooth decay, bad breath, syphilis, anthrax, tetanus, Lyme disease, staph, bacterial meningitis, botulism b. food spoilage and poisoning – caused by Salmonella and Staphylococcus (handout) c. antibiotics fight bacterial infections, but often have – digestive side effects some bacteria are able to survive in presence of antibiotics that kill other bacteria – antibiotic resistant bacteria III. Kingdom Archaebacteria A. First known prokaryotes – Archaebacteria (archae = ancient) B. Live in very harsh environments – hot sulfur springs, Great Salt Lake, Dead Sea, deep ocean vents C. Live in intestines of animals, especially cows and other grazing animals – methanogen bacteria They convert C and H into methane (CH4 ) gas which reacts with O2 to produce CO2, which greatly affects our - atmosphere by producing CO2 for photosynthesis