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Caitlin McKevitt EFRT 449 Greek Mythology Lesson Plan Day 1 Discuss with the students Aphrodite, Apollo and Ares. Aphrodite o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family, including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess. o o Family Member Relation Uranus Father Zeus Father Dione Mother Erinyes Sisters Giants Brother/Sister Aeneas by Anchises Son Lyrus by Anchises Son Eros Son Priapus Son Harmonia by Ares Daughter The Many Faces of Aphrodite: As the goddess of Love, Aphrodite has a reputation in ancient Greek texts as both a positive and a negative force. The anthropomorphic version of Aphrodite possesses all manner of allurements that can be both good and bad. Aphrodite could represent purity and what the Greeks considered the common act of sexual intercourse. Students should look at following primary text entries for Aphrodite and investigate the many aspects of Aphrodite’s “personality.” Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals, and things that accompany them or that are used in their exploits. o Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below is a list of epithets associated with Aphrodite. Students should investigate for the epitaphs for Aphrodite and then check their findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary. Epithet Laughter Loving Rich in Gold Text Homer, Iliad & Odyssey Homer, Iliad & Odyssey Homer, Iliad & Odyssey; Aristotle, Rhetoric 1413a Homer, Iliad & Odyssey Pindar, Pythian Ode 6 Pindar, Pythian Ode 9 Bacchylides, Ode 17 line 115 Homeric Hymn 2, line 103 Homeric Hymn 5, line 287 Golden Fair Dark-Eyed Silver Footed Deceptive Garland-loving Rich-crowned Apollo o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family, including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess. o Family Member Relation Zeus Father Leto Mother Apis Son Corybantes by Thalia Brother/Sister Linus by Psamathe Son Corax by Chrysorthe Son Lamedon by Chrysorthe Son Zeuxippus by Syllis Son Asculapius by Arsinoe Son Mopsus by Manto Son Ion by Creusa Son Orpheus Son Unlucky in Love: Apollo was no Casanova or Don Juan, he simply did not have “a way with women.” Apollo attempted to love many women by only succeeded in o o “loving” a few. Fits of jealousy, unrequited love, and bad luck plagued Apollo’s love life. Students should look at the love interests and affairs of Apollo along with their results. Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals, and things that accompany them or that are used in their exploits. The God of Prophecy: Apollo’s oracle at Delphi was the most famous in the Greek world. Students should investigate Apollo as the god of prophecy. They should look at the duties of the Pythia, how at oracle was given, and the site of Apollo’s oracle, Mt. Parnassus. Ares o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family, including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess. o o Family Member Relation Zeus Father Hera Mother Panic by Cytherea Son/Daughter Evenus by Demonice Son/Daughter Molus by Demonice Son/Daughter Pylus by Demonice Son/Daughter Parthenopalus by Atlanta Son/Daughter Penthesilia by Otrene Son/Daughter Harmonia by Aphrodite Son/Daughter Thestius by Demonice Son/Daughter Pleuron Son Positive & Negative Force: As the god of war, Ares has a reputation in ancient Greek text for begin both a positive force and a negative one. Students should look that following primary text entries for Ares that deal with his personality. The anthropomorphic version of Ares aids soldiers as they prepare for battle and cuts them down when they are weak. Ares as a negative force “pollutes reverence” as he deteriorates the behavior of men so that it equals that of unthinking animals. Ares & Aphrodite: Ares and Aphrodite had an adulterous affair that resulted in offspring described by Homer and Hesiod. The goddess of love and the god of war joined in an affair that is not only documented in the ancient Greek myths but appears on vases and sculptures as well. Students should look at the relationship o between the god and goddess for clues to how the Greeks considered adultery, the bonds of love and war, and whether they accepted the union between Aphrodite and Ares. Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Ares. After looking at Ares as a personality they should investigate whether Ares’ rituals are as violent as what the god himself represents. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals, and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Ares or Ares along with other gods and goddesses. Day 2 Discuss with the students Artemis, Athena and Demeter Artemis o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family, including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess. o Family Member Relation Zeus Father Latona/Leto Mother Apollo Brother Dionysos (in Egyptian mythology) Father Isis (in Egyptian mythology) Mother Epithets: As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Artemis, student can look for the surnames that the goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Artemis. Below is a through list of Artemis’ surnames. Pausanias' Guide to Greece is essential when looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided. Epithet Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress) Brauronian Artemis Tauric Artemis Artemis Leucophryne Artemis Ariste (Best) Artemis Calliste (Fairest) Artemis Light-bearer Artemis Amarysia Artemis of the Portal Artemis Saviour Artemis Ephesian Artemis Patroa (Paternal) Artemis Pheraea Artemis Persuasion Artemis Orthia (of the Steep) Artemis Coryphaea (of the Peak) Artemis Lycea (Wolfish) Artemis Iphigenia Artemis Caryatis (Walnut tree) Artemis Aiginaea (Goat-goddess?) Artemis Issori Artemis Leader Artemis Orthia (Upright) Artemis Anaeitis Artemis Cnagia Artemis Dereatis Artemis Limnatis (Of the Lake) Artemis called Daphnaea (of the laurel) Artemis Dictynna Artemis Astrateia Artemis Bringer of Light Artemis “Nurse of Children” Artemis Coccoca Artemis Alpheiaea Artemis Elaphiaea Artemis Philomeirax Artemis Laphria Artemis Triclaria Artemis Hymnia Artemis Horse-finder Artemis Pyronia (Fire-goddess) Artemis Cnacalesia o Alter Egos: Artemis became associated with the moon in Classical times, the opposite of her brother, Apollo, the sun god. In turn the identification of Artemis with the moon linked her to the goddesses Hecate and Selene. Hecate and Selene do not represent the moon’s pure, white nature. Selene, the moon goddess, fell in love with Endymion and preserved him in perpetual sleep for her own. Hecate is the goddess of fertility who lives in the Underworld. She is closely linked to witchcraft, black magic and darkness. Artemis o o as Hecate or Selene no longer represents a virginal figure. Students should investigate the stories of Hecate and Selene. They should recognize their classical association with Artemis and their independence as divine entities. Associated Rituals: The nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Artemis. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals, and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Artemis or Artemis along with other gods and goddesses. The Avenging Goddess: Artemis was not one to allow a misdeed to go unpunished. She sought revenge in its deadliest form in answer to a boast or a mistake. Students should investigate the vengeance Artemis takes on Niobe, Actaeon and others. They should decide whether the punishments Artemis exacted were fair or extreme to the ancient mind. Athena o Epithets and Surnames: As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Athena, student can look for the surnames that the goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Athena. Below is a through list of Athena’s surnames. Pausanias’ Guide to Greece is essential when looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided. Surname Athena Ergane (Worker) Athena Polias Athena Paeonia (Healer) Athena Horse Goddess Athena Ajacian Athena Victory Athena Trumpet Athena Alea Athena Sharp-sighted Athena Champion of the Anchorage Athena Bridler Athena Hospitable Athena Counselor Athena Just Requital or Tit for Tat Athena Goddess of Booty Athena Goddess of Paths Athena Asia Athena Mother Athena Contriver Athena Keeper of the City Athena Warlike Athena Girder o o o Protectress and Patroness: Athena plays the role of patroness and protectress to many people in myth and history. Athena’s identity is based on her work as a protecting force for heroes, gods and cities. Students should examine this aspect of the goddess using the information below as start-up for their own investigations. Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Athena. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Athena or Athena along with other gods and goddesses. Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Athena’s relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Since Athena was a virgin goddess, the number of children represented by the chart is one. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Athena’s family, including her child by a god. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god. At the bottom of the chart is a list of vases and sculpture depicting the birth of Athena. Family Member Relation Zeus Father Metis Mother Erichthonius by Son/Daughter Hephaestus Cronos Grandfather Rhea Grandmother Demeter Aunt Poseidon Uncle Hermes Brother Aphrodite Sister The Birth of Athena Boston 00.330, Berlin F 1704, Florence 4209, London B 424, London E 410, Louvre CA 616, Philadelphia MS3440, Philadelphia MS3441. Family Tree Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Athena or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Athena like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o o Art Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. Athena & Her Representations: Athena is a goddess of war, of government and of craftsmanship. Often when an author refers to the works of a skilled carpenter or loom weaver, he refers to the arts as Athena’s. Students should investigate the many faces of Athena, looking closely at her role as a founder of the judiciary process, a representative of Athenian government, her warrior persona and her association with craftsmanship. Athena in Art & Literature: The judgment of Paris, by Lucas Cranach the Elder. The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens. Literature Metamorphoses, Ovid. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Demeter o Epithets & Surnames: As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Demeter, student can look for the surnames that the goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Demeter. Some names are given for obvious reason but other, like Limenia (of the Harbor), are not as easily explained. Below is a through list of Demeter’s surnames. Pausanias’ Guide to Greece is essential when looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided. Surname Demeter Chloe (Green) Demeter Anesidora (Sender-up of Gifts) Demeter Malophorus (Sheep-bearer or Text Pausanias 1.22.3. Pausanias 1.31.4. Pausanias 1.44.3. Apple-bearer) Demeter surnamed Thermasia (Warmth) Demeter Chthonia (of the Lower World) Demeter Cidaria Mysian Demeter Demeter Fury Demeter Bather (Lusia) o o o Pausanias 2.34.6. Pausanias 3.14.5. Pausanias 8.13.3. Pausanias 7.27.9. Pausanias 8.25.5. Pausanias 8.25.6. Foreign Names and Roles for Demeter: In other cultures Demeter was known by other names and represented other godly venues. The foreign (non-Greek) names and associations for Demeter shed some light on various roles Demeter played in many cultures in ancient times. Demeter and her foreign counterparts are associated with fertility and death. Whether she was Cybele or Isis, the myths of Demeter, Cybele and Isis provide justification for death, as daughter and companions die. Students should investigate the role of Demeter as Isis and Cybele. Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in association with Demeter. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Demeter or Demeter along with other gods and goddesses. Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Demeter’s relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Demeter’s family, including her children by various mortals and gods. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god. Family Member Relation Cronos Father Rhea Mother Plutus by Iasion Son/Daughter Mistress (Proserpine) by Poseidon Daughter Arion by Poseidon Daughter Persephone by Zeus Daughter Hestia Sister Artemis Daughter Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Demeter or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Demeter like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. Demeter in Art & Literature: Art Demeter, by David Sharpe, 1982. Proserpina Holding the Pomegranate, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1874. The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. Literature Cicero, In Verrem. Ovid, Fasti. Ovid, Metamorphoses. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Day 3 Discuss with students Dionysus, Hephaestus, and Hera Dionysus o Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Dionysus. Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Dionysus and then add their findings to this chart. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and to which they add. Epithet Golden-Haired Eleuthereus Insewn Loud-shouting Ivy-crowned Rich in grapes o o o o Text Hesiod, Theogony line 941 Encyclopedia, Phedria Homeric Hymn 1: To Dionysus, line 21 Homeric Hymn 7: To Dionysus, line 55. Homeric Hymn 26: To Dionysus, line 1 Homeric Hymn 26: To Dionysus, line 11 Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Dionysus. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Dionysus or Dionysus along with other gods and goddesses. The God of Wine: Dionysus is most often recognized as the god of wine, even today. Students should investigate the myths and archaeological evidence supporting Dionysus as the god of wine. Bacchus: The rituals associated with Dionysus are often called the “Bacchic” rituals. These rituals often lead to violence and madness due to the loss of inhibitions cause by the wine which the participants consume. The violent nature of the rituals shows itself in the acts of Dionysus as well. Students should investigate the violence and madness associated with the Bacchic rituals as well as Bacchus himself. Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Dionysus’ relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Dionysus’ family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god. Family Member Relation Zeus Father Semele Mother Deianira by Althaea Daughter Phanus by _______ Son Philias by _______ Son Staphylus by ______ Son Cremus by Ariadne Son Cadmus Grandfather Thoas by Ariadne Son Staphylus by Ariadne Son Oenopion by Ariadne Son Peparethus by Ariadne Son Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Dionysus or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Dionysus like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o o Dionysus in Art: The depiction of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artists is normally consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. In the case of Dionysus, artists have depicted him as an older man with a beard and as one of the youngest gods. Students should investigate the aging of Dionysus and whether this aging takes place over archaeological periods or if it is simply a random occurrence. Birth of Dionysus: Dionysus was born under strange circumstances, much like his sister Athena. Students should examine the birth of Dionysus and compare the story to that of the birth of Athena. Why is Dionysus called ‘twice born’? Why did Zeus want Dionysus raised as a girl? What effect did this have on the formation of the myths surrounding Dionysus? Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. o Surnames: As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Dionysus, student can look for the surnames that the god has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Dionysus. Below is a through list of Dionysus’ surnames. Pausanias’ Guide to Greece is essential when looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided. Students should fill in the volume, section and line number where mention of each surname is made. Surname Eleuthereus (Deliverer) Lysius Baccheus Dionysus Saotes (Savior) Dionysus of the Knoll Dionysus Calydonian Dionysus Torch Dionysus Goat-Shooter Dionysus Carnivorous o o Text Pausanias 1.20.3 Pausanias 2.2.6 Pausanias 2.35.1 Pausanias 2.37.1 Pausanias 3.13.7 Pausanias 7.21.1 Pausanias 7.27.3. Pausanias 9.8.2 Plutarch Aristides 9.1 Themistocles 13.1 City Dionysia: One of the most important ancient Greek traditions was the City Dionysia, celebrated in honor of Dionysus. Students who are interested in learning more about the festival should begin investigating its conduct and traditions using the information below. Dionysus in Art & Literature: Art The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. Ariadne, by John Vanderlyn, 1811. Bacchus and Ariadne, by Gustavas Hesselius. Bacchanal, by Gustavas Hesselius. Pentheus Dismemberment, Roman fresco at Pompeii. Literature The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music, Nietzsche, 1871. Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche, 1889. Metamorphoses, Ovid. Poem 64, Catullus. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Hephaestus o The Lame God: It is unexpected that a god or goddess would be less than physically perfect. Hephaestus was lame at birth and as Homer put it walked on thin legs. Why might the Greeks include a less than perfect god in their pantheon? There are variations in the story of Hephaestus’ survival as an imperfect god. Students should investigate what Hephaestus endured at the hands of his parents for his imperfections. They should pay close attention to Hephaestus acceptance into the pantheon for the skills he possessed. o Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Hephaestus’ relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Hephaestus’ family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students should complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god. Family Member Relation Zeus Father Hera Mother Palaemon Son Erichthonius by Atthis/Athena Son Erichthonius by Earth Son Periphetes by Anticlia Son Ardalus Son Cadmilus by Cabeiro Son Three Cabeiri & Three Cabeiro Children Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Hephaestus or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Hephaestus like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all of the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o o o o God of Fire and the Forge: The most important aspect of Hephaestus’ identity is his association with craftsmanship. His skills in metal working earned him a place among the Olympians and a cult following on Earth. The works of Hephaestus are described in great detail by Homer and Hesiod. Students should examine Hephaestus’ works and his teachings in the art of metal working and craftsmanship. Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Hephaestus. Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Hephaestus and then add their findings to this chart. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and add. Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Hephaestus. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Hephaestus or Hephaestus along with other gods and goddesses. Tools of Hephaestus: Hephaestus’ trademark was his double-headed hammer, or pelekys, that he has shouldered in many vase paintings. Students should investigate the pelekys and other tools that Hephaestus used in his craft. Hephaestus in Art & Literature: Art The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens. Literature Metamorphoses, Ovid. Fabulae, Hyginus. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Hera o Epithets and Surnames: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Hera. Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Hera and then check their findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and to which they add. As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Hera, student can look for the surnames that the goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Hera. Below is a through list of Hera’s surnames. Pausanias’Guide to Greeceis essential when looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided. Surname Hera Pioneer Hera Protectress Hera Anthea (Flowery) Hera of the Height Hera Hyperchemia (she whose hand is above) Hera Goat-Eater Hera Olympian Hera Horse-Goddess Hera Ammonia Hera Girl Hera Grown-Up Hera Widow Hera Full-Grown Hera Bride Hera Charioteer Hera Limenia Hera Akraia o o o o The Jealous Type: Hera has a reputation for being the jealous wife. As a result of Zeus’ exploits with other goddesses and mortals, Hera becomes enraged enough to exact some type of revenge. Hera, herself is the faithful wife and this may justify her anger but are her acts of revenge over zealous? Students should investigate the vengeful side of Hera. Baneful and Protective: There are two sides of Hera associated with Greek heroes. She is either a hero’s protectress or his nemesis who continually makes trouble for her mortal enemy. Students should examine Hera’s relationship with Jason and Herakles. Students should not just look at the information from Perseusbut should also look to outside sources for information. Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Hera. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Hera or Hera along with other gods and goddesses. Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Hera’s relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Hera ‘s family, including her children by Zeus. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the goddess. Family Member Relation Cronos Father Rhea Mother Zeus Husband Hebe by Zeus Daughter Ilithyia by Zeus Daughter Ares by Zeus Son Hephaestus Son Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Hera or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Hera like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o o Goddess of Womanhood: Hera, along with Artemis, is the goddess of childbirth. She also represents other positive and negative aspects of Greek womanhood. Students should investigate the “womanly” side of Hera to form an idea of what the ancient Greeks believed to be desirable traits for a woman to possess. Some things students should consider are: motherhood, skilled at the loom, wise, faithful. Students should also examine women likened to Hera in ancient Greek text. Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. Hera in Art and Literature: Art The Judgment of Paris, by Lucas Cranach the Elder. The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens. Literature Metamorphoses, Ovid. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Day 4 Discuss with the students Hermes, Poseidon, and Zeus Hermes o o Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Hermes. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Hermes or Hermes along with other gods and goddesses. Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Hermes’ relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Hermes’ family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god. Family Member Relation Zeus Father Maia Mother Pan by Penelope Son Pan by Dryops Son Myrtilos Son Eurytus by _______ Son Hermaphrodite by Aphrodite Daughter Apollo Brother Cephalus by Herse Son Pharis by Phylodamia Son Abderus by ______ Son Bunus by Alcidamea Son Autolycus Son Polybus by Chthonophyle Son Cydon by Acacallis Son Eleusis by Daeira Son Brothers and sisters through Zeus: Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, all the Muses, Dionysos, Hephaestus, Ares, Perseus, Herakles, Tantalus, Hebe, Sarpedon, Eileithyia, Helen, Poludeuces. Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Hermes or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Hermes like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o Hermes in Art: The depictions of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artist are normally consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. In the case of Hermes, artists have depicted him as an older man with a beard and as one of the youngest gods. Students should investigate the aging of Hermes and whether this aging takes place over archaeological periods or if it is simply a random occurrence. Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Ares. Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Ares and then check their findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and to which they add. Surname Helper Hermes Hermes Ram-Bearer Hermes Champion Hermes Epimelius (Keeper of Flocks) Hermes of the Market Place Hermes of the Games Hermes of the Grotto Hermes Leader Hermes Parammon Hermes of the Portal Hermes Polygius Hermes Pronaos Text Homer, Iliad 20.34 Pausanias 9.22.1 Pausanias 9.22.1 Pausanias 9.34.3 Aristophanes Knights 395 Pausanias 5.14.9 Pausanias 10.32.5 Pausanias 8.31.7 Pausanias 5.15.11 Pausanias 1.22.8 Pausanias 2.31.10 Pausanias 9.10.2 o o o o o o o Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. Hermes the Guide: Besides being the appointed herald to the gods, Hermes was also a guide of men, women, gods and spirits. Hermes conducted the souls of the dead to the Underworld as well as leading goddesses to the tops of mountains. Students should investigate Hermes’ role in Greek mythology as a guide. They should begin with the example citations offered below. After some investigating, students should answer the questions posed below or question you devise. Students should pay close attention to the idea of Hermes as a go-between, who acts as a middle man between gods and men. Hermes’ Personality: Unlike Ares, Hermes tends towards the lighter side of the human personality. Students should look that following primary text entries for Hermes that deal with his personality. The anthropomorphic version of Hermes offers insight into his role in the great scheme of Greek life. The Herms: The Herms, stone posts bearing the head of Hermes and a large phallus, are associated with the luck bringing aspect of the god. Students should use the information found in Perseusand in other source materials to investigate the Herms and their religious significance. Hermes and Iris, Messengers: Students should use the information below to investigate the role of Herms and Iris as messengers to the gods. Through a thorough examination of text and art students can gain a better idea of just what being a messenger to the gods entailed. Attention should be paid to the idea of Hermes and Iris being gobetweens between gods and men Iris as Female Version of Hermes: Like Hermes, Iris was a messenger to the gods. Hesiod explains that Zeus used her as a herald when the gods fought amongst themselves. Students should look at Iris as an independent goddess and as the female version of Hermes. Hermes in Art and Literature: Art The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. Literature Metamorphoses, Ovid. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Poseidon o Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Athena and then check their findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and to which they add. As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Poseidon, student can look for the surnames that the god has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Poseidon. Below is a through list of Poseidon’s surnames. Pausanias’Guide to Greece is essential when looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided. Students should fill in the volume, section and line number where mention of each surname is made. Surname Poseidon Pater (Father) Poseidon Horse God Isthmian Poseidon Prosclystius (Flooder) Poseidon Poseidon King Poseidon Nurturer (Phytalmios) Poseidon Genesius Poseidon Securer Poseidon Taenarum Poseidon Hippocurius (Horse-Tending) Poseidon of the House Poseidon God of Kin Poseidon Earth-Embracer Poseidon Laoetus Poseidon Taraxippus Text Eleusis, Temple of Artemis and Poseidon, Architecture Description, Pausanias 1.38.6 Pausanias 1.30.4 Pausanias 2.9.6 Pausanias 2.22.4 Pausanias 2.30.6 Pausanias 2.32.7 Pausanias 2.38.4 Pausanias 3.11.9 Pausanias 3.12.5 Pausanias 3.14.2 Pausanias 3.14.7 Pausanias 3.15.10 Pausanias 3.20.2 Pausanias 5.14.4 Pausanias 6.20.18 Poseidon Marine Poseidon Giver of Safety Poseidon Heliconian Poseidon Overseer o o o o Pausanias 7.21.7 Pausanias 7.21.7 Pausanias 7.24.5 Pausanias 8.30.1 Poseidon in Art: The depiction of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artist is normally consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. Students should compare the many artistic portrayals of Poseidon for consistencies Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Poseidon. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Poseidon or Poseidon along with other gods and goddesses. Was Poseidon a Loser? : Poseidon lost the control over the sky to his brother, Zeus. Poseidon was slow on the draw and lost Athens to Athena. Was Poseidon a loser? Were there aspects of the sea-god that failed to live up to the Greek ideals of Zeus and Athena? Students should look closely at Poseidon’s losses and just what caused his misfortunes and missed opportunities. Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Poseidon’s relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Poseidon’s family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god. Family Member Relation Aethusa by Alcyone Daughter Agenor by Libya Son Aloeus by Canace Son Althepis by Leis Son Anthas by Alcyone Daughter Arion by Demeter Son/Horse Belus by Libya Son Benthesicyme by Amphitrite Daughter Busiris by Libya Son Busiris by Lysianassa Son Chrysaor by Medusa Son Chrysis by Chrysogeneia Son Cronos Father Cyclopes by Thoosa Son Demeter Sister Epopeus Son Eumolpus by Chione Son Eurypylus by Astypalaea Son Evadne by Pitana Daughter Hades Brother Halirrhothius by Euryte Son Hera Sister Hestia Sister Hopleus by Canace Son Hyperenor by Alcyone Son Eumolpus by Chione Son Eumolpus by Chione Son Eumolpus by Chione Son King Amycus Son Lycus by Celaeno Son Nauplius by Amymone Son Nausithous by Periboea Son Neleus by Tyro Son Nireus Oeoclus by Ascra Son Otus by Iphimedia Son Pegasus by Medusa Horse/Son Pelias by Tyro Son Perecydes by Euryale Son Rhode by Amphitrite Son Taphius by HIppothoe Son Triop Triton by Amphitrite Son Pelias by Tyro Son Pelias by Tyro Son Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Poseidon or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Poseidon like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. Poseidon in Art and Literature: Art The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. Literature Metamorphoses, Ovid. Fabulae, Hyginus. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Zeus o Epithets and Surnames: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Zeus and then check their findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and to which they add. As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Zeus, student can look for the surnames that the god has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Zeus. Below is a thorough list of Zeus’ surnames. Pausanias’ Guide to Greeceis essential when looking for surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided. Students should fill in the volume, section and line number where mention of each surname is made. Surname Zeus Soter Zeus Belus Saviour Zeus Zeus Conselor Dodonian Zeus Olympian Zeus Zeus Panellenios (Common to all Greeks) Zeus Polieus (Urban) Zeus Ctesius (God of Gain) Zeus Hymettius Zeus Rain-God Zeus Parnethius Zeus Semaleus (Sign-Giving) Zeus Averter of Ills Zeus Anchesmius Zeus Meilichius (Gracious) Zeus Conius (Dusty) Zeus Aphesius (Releaser) Zeus Chthonius (of the Lower World) Zeus Most HIgh Zeus Mechaneus (Contriver) Zeus Larisaean Zeus Sthenius (Strong) Zeus Scotitas (Dark) Zeus Hospitable Zeus Tropaean (He Who Turns to Flight) Zeus Cosmetas (Orderer) Zeus Phyxius (God of Flight) Zeus Wealthy Zeus Messapeus Text Encyclopedia Arcadia Herodotus 1.181 Apollodorus 2.5.1 Pausanias 2.20.6 Pausanias 1.3.5 Pausanias 1.13.3 Pausanias 1.17.2 Pausanias 1.18.9 Pausanias 1.24.4 Pausanias 1.31.4 Pausanias 1.32.2 Pausanias 1.32.2 Pausanias 1.32.2 Pausanias 1.32.2 Pausanias 1.32.2 Pausanias 1.32.2 Pausanias 1.37.4 Pausanias 1.40.6 Pausanias 1.44.9 Pausanias 2.2.8 Pausanias 2.2.8 Pausanias 2.22.2 Pausanias 2.23.3 Pausanias 2.32.7 Pausanias 3.10.5 Pausanias 3.11.11 Pausanias 3.12.9 Pausanias 3.17.4 Pausanias 3.17.9 Pausanias 3.19.7 Pausanias 3.20.3 Zeus Herkeios (of the Courtyard) Zeus Leucaeus (of the White Poplar) Zeus Averter of Flies o o o o o Pausanias 4.17.4 Pausanias 5.5.5 Pausanias 5.14.1 Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the exploits. Morality of Zeus: As the all powerful god of heaven and earth, Zeus shoulders a responsibility that must be met with balance and morality. Zeus gives his support equally to the two sides of a conflict, at one point favoring a side then at another point favoring its opposite. Students should investigate the moral and balancing aspect of Zeus in Homer’s Iliadand Odyssey. Zeus in Art: The depiction of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artist is normally consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. Students should compare the many artistic portrayals of Zeus for consistencies. Ruler of the Universe: Zeus has the power to do anything he chooses, he rules the Greek universe. Certain powers are attributed strictly to Zeus who wields them as he sees fit. Below is a list of his “powers” or realms in which he is master. Students should investigate each aspect of the personality of Zeus and his powers. Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Zeus’ relatives and offspring appear in many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Zeus’ family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god. Family Member Relation Cronos Father Rhea Mother Aethlius by Protogenia Son Aphrodite by Dione Daughter Ares by Hera Son Argos by Niobe Son Artemis by Latona Daughter Apollo by Latona Son Athena by Metis Daughter Atymnius by Cassiepia Son Castor by Leda Son Pollux by Leda Son Perseus by Danae Sister Dardanus by Electra Son Iasion by Electra Son Dionysos by Semele Son Tityus by Elare Son Asopus by Eurynome Son Fates by Themis Daughters Graces Daughters Hebe by Hera Daughter Helen by Leda or Nemesis Daughter Hellen by Pyrrha Son Hephaestus by Hera Son Herakles by Alcmena Son Hermes by _____ Son Ilithyia by Hera Daughter Justice by Themis Daughter Lacedaemon by Taygete Son Minos by Europa Son Muses by Memory Daughters Pelasgus by Niobe Son Nymphs by Themis Daughters Order by Themis Pan by Hybris Son Persephone by Styx Daughter Rhadamanthys by Europa Sarpedon by Laodamia Son Seasons by Themis Daughters Zethus by Antiope Son Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Zeus or from the above chart, student should create a family tree for Zeus like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc. o o Zeus the Great Philanderer: Despite his marriage to the most beautiful of the goddesses, Zeus continuously had affairs with mortals and lesser deities. These affairs often worked to the detriment of the females involved as Hera sought revenge that often resulted in death. Students should examine the affairs of Zeus and should question why he had so many. What were the Greeks saying about extra-marital affairs for men versus ones for women? How was Zeus punished for his affairs? What children resulted from these affairs and why were some of them so powerful as gods and mortals? And, how did Hera seek to avenge Zeus’ indiscretions? Foreign Zeus: Herodotus’ History is the place to start when looking for manifestations of Zeus. Herodotus reports of Zeus as he is considered by the Scythians, Egyptians, Babylonian, Libyans, Ethiopians and Persians. This information can be useful for a comparative study of religions in ancient times. o o Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals performed in favor of Zeus. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Zeus or Zeus along with other gods and goddesses. Zeus in Art and Literature: Art Jupiter and Thetis, by J. A. D. Ingres. The Rape of Europa, by Titian, Isabella Stewart Gardener Museum, Boston. The Judgment of Paris, by Lucas Cranach the Elder. The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514. Saturn Devouring His Children, by Francisco Goya. Jupiter and Ino, by Antonia Allegri da Correggio, 1532. The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens, Museo del Prado, Madrid. Literature Metamorphoses, Ovid. Fabulae, Hyginus. Fasti, Ovid. Paradise Lost, John Milton, 1667-1674. A Vision, “Leda and the Swan” by William Butler Yeats, 1925. *References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991. Day 5 Test Day: Choose 6 out of the 12 Gods and write three items about them. Example: Family, Art/Literature, Epithets, Associated Rituals, etc. *Source: Greek Gods: The Olympus Twelve. 2006. CTCWeb Editors. Apr. 2009 <http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/ancientolympians.html>.