Download Artifact #1- Greek Mythology Lesson Plan

Caitlin McKevitt
EFRT 449
Greek Mythology Lesson Plan
Day 1
Discuss with the students Aphrodite, Apollo and Ares.

Aphrodite
o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in
many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family,
including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to
learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess.
o
o
Family Member
Relation
Uranus
Father
Zeus
Father
Dione
Mother
Erinyes
Sisters
Giants
Brother/Sister
Aeneas by Anchises
Son
Lyrus by Anchises
Son
Eros
Son
Priapus
Son
Harmonia by Ares
Daughter
The Many Faces of Aphrodite: As the goddess of Love, Aphrodite has a reputation in
ancient Greek texts as both a positive and a negative force. The anthropomorphic
version of Aphrodite possesses all manner of allurements that can be both good and
bad. Aphrodite could represent purity and what the Greeks considered the common act
of sexual intercourse. Students should look at following primary text entries for
Aphrodite and investigate the many aspects of Aphrodite’s “personality.”
Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals, and things that accompany them or that are used in their
exploits.
o
Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number
of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below
is a list of epithets associated with Aphrodite.
 Students should investigate for the epitaphs for Aphrodite and then check their
findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary.
Epithet
Laughter Loving
Rich in Gold
Text
Homer, Iliad & Odyssey
Homer, Iliad & Odyssey
Homer, Iliad & Odyssey; Aristotle, Rhetoric
1413a
Homer, Iliad & Odyssey
Pindar, Pythian Ode 6
Pindar, Pythian Ode 9
Bacchylides, Ode 17 line 115
Homeric Hymn 2, line 103
Homeric Hymn 5, line 287
Golden
Fair
Dark-Eyed
Silver Footed
Deceptive
Garland-loving
Rich-crowned

Apollo
o
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in
many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family,
including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to
learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess.
o
Family Member
Relation
Zeus
Father
Leto
Mother
Apis
Son
Corybantes by Thalia
Brother/Sister
Linus by Psamathe
Son
Corax by Chrysorthe
Son
Lamedon by Chrysorthe
Son
Zeuxippus by Syllis
Son
Asculapius by Arsinoe
Son
Mopsus by Manto
Son
Ion by Creusa
Son
Orpheus
Son
Unlucky in Love: Apollo was no Casanova or Don Juan, he simply did not have “a
way with women.” Apollo attempted to love many women by only succeeded in
o
o

“loving” a few. Fits of jealousy, unrequited love, and bad luck plagued Apollo’s love
life. Students should look at the love interests and affairs of Apollo along with their
results.
Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about
them. Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or
goddess by the items, people, beings, animals, and things that accompany them or
that are used in their exploits.
The God of Prophecy: Apollo’s oracle at Delphi was the most famous in the Greek
world. Students should investigate Apollo as the god of prophecy. They should look
at the duties of the Pythia, how at oracle was given, and the site of Apollo’s oracle,
Mt. Parnassus.
Ares
o
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in
many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family,
including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to
learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess.
o
o
Family Member
Relation
Zeus
Father
Hera
Mother
Panic by Cytherea
Son/Daughter
Evenus by Demonice
Son/Daughter
Molus by Demonice
Son/Daughter
Pylus by Demonice
Son/Daughter
Parthenopalus by Atlanta
Son/Daughter
Penthesilia by Otrene
Son/Daughter
Harmonia by Aphrodite
Son/Daughter
Thestius by Demonice
Son/Daughter
Pleuron
Son
Positive & Negative Force: As the god of war, Ares has a reputation in ancient Greek
text for begin both a positive force and a negative one. Students should look that
following primary text entries for Ares that deal with his personality. The
anthropomorphic version of Ares aids soldiers as they prepare for battle and cuts
them down when they are weak. Ares as a negative force “pollutes reverence” as he
deteriorates the behavior of men so that it equals that of unthinking animals.
Ares & Aphrodite: Ares and Aphrodite had an adulterous affair that resulted in
offspring described by Homer and Hesiod. The goddess of love and the god of war
joined in an affair that is not only documented in the ancient Greek myths but
appears on vases and sculptures as well. Students should look at the relationship
o
between the god and goddess for clues to how the Greeks considered adultery, the
bonds of love and war, and whether they accepted the union between Aphrodite
and Ares.
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Ares. After looking at Ares as a
personality they should investigate whether Ares’ rituals are as violent as what the
god himself represents. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are
performed, who performs the rituals, and whether the societies that include these
rituals in their religious practices worship only Ares or Ares along with other gods
and goddesses.
Day 2
Discuss with the students Artemis, Athena and Demeter

Artemis
o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Aphrodite’s relatives and offspring appear in
many well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Aphrodite's family,
including her children by various mortals and gods. Students can then use this chart to
learn about Aphrodite and her family and to create a family tree for the goddess.
o
Family Member
Relation
Zeus
Father
Latona/Leto
Mother
Apollo
Brother
Dionysos (in Egyptian
mythology)
Father
Isis (in Egyptian
mythology)
Mother
Epithets: As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Artemis, student can look for
the surnames that the goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different
countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Artemis. Below
is a through list of Artemis’ surnames. Pausanias' Guide to Greece is essential when
looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a
particular surname is often provided.
Epithet
Artemis Agrotera (the Huntress)
Brauronian Artemis
Tauric Artemis
Artemis Leucophryne
Artemis Ariste (Best)
Artemis Calliste (Fairest)
Artemis Light-bearer
Artemis Amarysia
Artemis of the Portal
Artemis Saviour
Artemis Ephesian
Artemis Patroa (Paternal)
Artemis Pheraea
Artemis Persuasion
Artemis Orthia (of the Steep)
Artemis Coryphaea (of the Peak)
Artemis Lycea (Wolfish)
Artemis Iphigenia
Artemis Caryatis (Walnut tree)
Artemis Aiginaea (Goat-goddess?)
Artemis Issori
Artemis Leader
Artemis Orthia (Upright)
Artemis Anaeitis
Artemis Cnagia
Artemis Dereatis
Artemis Limnatis (Of the Lake)
Artemis called Daphnaea (of the laurel)
Artemis Dictynna
Artemis Astrateia
Artemis Bringer of Light
Artemis “Nurse of Children”
Artemis Coccoca
Artemis Alpheiaea
Artemis Elaphiaea
Artemis Philomeirax
Artemis Laphria
Artemis Triclaria
Artemis Hymnia
Artemis Horse-finder
Artemis Pyronia (Fire-goddess)
Artemis Cnacalesia
o
Alter Egos: Artemis became associated with the moon in Classical times, the opposite of
her brother, Apollo, the sun god. In turn the identification of Artemis with the moon
linked her to the goddesses Hecate and Selene. Hecate and Selene do not represent the
moon’s pure, white nature. Selene, the moon goddess, fell in love with Endymion and
preserved him in perpetual sleep for her own. Hecate is the goddess of fertility who lives
in the Underworld. She is closely linked to witchcraft, black magic and darkness. Artemis
o
o

as Hecate or Selene no longer represents a virginal figure. Students should investigate
the stories of Hecate and Selene. They should recognize their classical association with
Artemis and their independence as divine entities.
Associated Rituals: The nature of a god or goddess may be discerned from the rituals
performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students should look at the rituals
performed in favor of Artemis. Students will also want to look at where the rituals are
performed, who performs the rituals, and whether the societies that include these
rituals in their religious practices worship only Artemis or Artemis along with other gods
and goddesses.
The Avenging Goddess: Artemis was not one to allow a misdeed to go unpunished. She
sought revenge in its deadliest form in answer to a boast or a mistake. Students should
investigate the vengeance Artemis takes on Niobe, Actaeon and others. They should
decide whether the punishments Artemis exacted were fair or extreme to the ancient
mind.
Athena
o Epithets and Surnames:
As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Athena, student can look for the surnames that the
goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to
discern why a given surname is given to Athena. Below is a through list of Athena’s surnames. Pausanias’
Guide to Greece is essential when looking for alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An
explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided.
Surname
Athena Ergane (Worker)
Athena Polias
Athena Paeonia (Healer)
Athena Horse Goddess
Athena Ajacian
Athena Victory
Athena Trumpet
Athena Alea
Athena Sharp-sighted
Athena Champion of the Anchorage
Athena Bridler
Athena Hospitable
Athena Counselor
Athena Just Requital or Tit for Tat
Athena Goddess of Booty
Athena Goddess of Paths
Athena Asia
Athena Mother
Athena Contriver
Athena Keeper of the City
Athena Warlike
Athena Girder
o
o
o
Protectress and Patroness: Athena plays the role of patroness and protectress to many
people in myth and history. Athena’s identity is based on her work as a protecting force
for heroes, gods and cities. Students should examine this aspect of the goddess using
the information below as start-up for their own investigations.
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Athena. Students will also want to look
at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies
that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Athena or Athena
along with other gods and goddesses.
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Athena’s relatives and offspring appear in many
main stream and well-known myths. Since Athena was a virgin goddess, the number of
children represented by the chart is one. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Athena’s
family, including her child by a god. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the
chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family
tree for the god.
At the bottom of the chart is a list of vases and sculpture depicting the birth of Athena.
Family Member
Relation
Zeus
Father
Metis
Mother
Erichthonius by
Son/Daughter
Hephaestus
Cronos
Grandfather
Rhea
Grandmother
Demeter
Aunt
Poseidon
Uncle
Hermes
Brother
Aphrodite
Sister
The Birth of Athena
Boston 00.330, Berlin F 1704, Florence 4209, London B 424, London E 410, Louvre CA 616, Philadelphia
MS3440, Philadelphia MS3441.
Family Tree
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Athena or from the above chart, student should
create a family tree for Athena like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to
include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation,
unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
o
Art
Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
Athena & Her Representations: Athena is a goddess of war, of government and of
craftsmanship. Often when an author refers to the works of a skilled carpenter or loom
weaver, he refers to the arts as Athena’s. Students should investigate the many faces of
Athena, looking closely at her role as a founder of the judiciary process, a representative
of Athenian government, her warrior persona and her association with craftsmanship.
Athena in Art & Literature:
The judgment of Paris, by Lucas Cranach the Elder.
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens.
Literature
Metamorphoses, Ovid.
*References:
Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995. Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology.
Longman Press: New York, 1991.

Demeter
o Epithets & Surnames:
As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Demeter, student can look for the surnames that the
goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to
discern why a given surname is given to Demeter. Some names are given for obvious reason but other,
like Limenia (of the Harbor), are not as easily explained.
Below is a through list of Demeter’s surnames. Pausanias’ Guide to Greece is essential when looking for
alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often
provided.
Surname
Demeter Chloe (Green)
Demeter Anesidora (Sender-up of Gifts)
Demeter Malophorus (Sheep-bearer or
Text
Pausanias 1.22.3.
Pausanias 1.31.4.
Pausanias 1.44.3.
Apple-bearer)
Demeter surnamed Thermasia (Warmth)
Demeter Chthonia (of the Lower World)
Demeter Cidaria
Mysian Demeter
Demeter Fury
Demeter Bather (Lusia)
o
o
o
Pausanias 2.34.6.
Pausanias 3.14.5.
Pausanias 8.13.3.
Pausanias 7.27.9.
Pausanias 8.25.5.
Pausanias 8.25.6.
Foreign Names and Roles for Demeter: In other cultures Demeter was known by other
names and represented other godly venues. The foreign (non-Greek) names and
associations for Demeter shed some light on various roles Demeter played in many
cultures in ancient times. Demeter and her foreign counterparts are associated with
fertility and death. Whether she was Cybele or Isis, the myths of Demeter, Cybele and
Isis provide justification for death, as daughter and companions die. Students should
investigate the role of Demeter as Isis and Cybele.
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in association with Demeter. Students will also
want to look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether
the societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Demeter
or Demeter along with other gods and goddesses.
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Demeter’s relatives and offspring appear in
many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of
Demeter’s family, including her children by various mortals and gods. Students should
fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the
next assignment of creating a family tree for the god.
Family Member
Relation
Cronos
Father
Rhea
Mother
Plutus by Iasion
Son/Daughter
Mistress (Proserpine) by
Poseidon
Daughter
Arion by Poseidon
Daughter
Persephone by Zeus
Daughter
Hestia
Sister
Artemis
Daughter
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Demeter or from the above chart, student should
create a family tree for Demeter like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created
to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote:
relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
Demeter in Art & Literature:
Art
Demeter, by David Sharpe, 1982.
Proserpina Holding the Pomegranate, by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1874.
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
Literature
Cicero, In Verrem.
Ovid, Fasti.
Ovid, Metamorphoses.
*References:
Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995.
Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991.
Day 3
Discuss with students Dionysus, Hephaestus, and Hera

Dionysus
o
Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number
of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below
is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Dionysus. Students
should do their own investigation for the epithets of Dionysus and then add their
findings to this chart. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks
and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of
epithets they create and to which they add.
Epithet
Golden-Haired
Eleuthereus
Insewn
Loud-shouting
Ivy-crowned
Rich in grapes
o
o
o
o
Text
Hesiod, Theogony line 941
Encyclopedia, Phedria
Homeric Hymn 1: To Dionysus, line 21
Homeric Hymn 7: To Dionysus, line 55.
Homeric Hymn 26: To Dionysus, line 1
Homeric Hymn 26: To Dionysus, line 11
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Dionysus. Students will also want to look
at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies
that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Dionysus or Dionysus
along with other gods and goddesses.
The God of Wine: Dionysus is most often recognized as the god of wine, even today.
Students should investigate the myths and archaeological evidence supporting Dionysus
as the god of wine.
Bacchus: The rituals associated with Dionysus are often called the “Bacchic” rituals.
These rituals often lead to violence and madness due to the loss of inhibitions cause by
the wine which the participants consume. The violent nature of the rituals shows itself
in the acts of Dionysus as well. Students should investigate the violence and madness
associated with the Bacchic rituals as well as Bacchus himself.
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Dionysus’ relatives and offspring appear in
many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of
Dionysus’ family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students
should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete
the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god.
Family Member
Relation
Zeus
Father
Semele
Mother
Deianira by Althaea
Daughter
Phanus by _______
Son
Philias by _______
Son
Staphylus by ______
Son
Cremus by Ariadne
Son
Cadmus
Grandfather
Thoas by Ariadne
Son
Staphylus by Ariadne
Son
Oenopion by Ariadne
Son
Peparethus by Ariadne
Son
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Dionysus or from the above chart, student should
create a family tree for Dionysus like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created
to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote:
relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
o
Dionysus in Art: The depiction of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artists is normally
consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. In the case
of Dionysus, artists have depicted him as an older man with a beard and as one of the
youngest gods. Students should investigate the aging of Dionysus and whether this
aging takes place over archaeological periods or if it is simply a random occurrence.
Birth of Dionysus: Dionysus was born under strange circumstances, much like his sister
Athena. Students should examine the birth of Dionysus and compare the story to that of
the birth of Athena. Why is Dionysus called ‘twice born’? Why did Zeus want Dionysus
raised as a girl? What effect did this have on the formation of the myths surrounding
Dionysus?
Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
o
Surnames: As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Dionysus, student can look
for the surnames that the god has earned in different areas of Greece and in different
countries. Students should try to discern why a given surname is given to Dionysus.
Below is a through list of Dionysus’ surnames. Pausanias’ Guide to Greece is essential when looking for
alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often
provided. Students should fill in the volume, section and line number where mention of each surname is
made.
Surname
Eleuthereus (Deliverer)
Lysius
Baccheus
Dionysus Saotes (Savior)
Dionysus of the Knoll
Dionysus Calydonian
Dionysus Torch
Dionysus Goat-Shooter
Dionysus Carnivorous
o
o
Text
Pausanias 1.20.3
Pausanias 2.2.6
Pausanias 2.35.1
Pausanias 2.37.1
Pausanias 3.13.7
Pausanias 7.21.1
Pausanias 7.27.3.
Pausanias 9.8.2
Plutarch Aristides 9.1
Themistocles 13.1
City Dionysia: One of the most important ancient Greek traditions was the City Dionysia,
celebrated in honor of Dionysus. Students who are interested in learning more about
the festival should begin investigating its conduct and traditions using the information
below.
Dionysus in Art & Literature:
Art
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
Ariadne, by John Vanderlyn, 1811.
Bacchus and Ariadne, by Gustavas Hesselius.
Bacchanal, by Gustavas Hesselius.
Pentheus Dismemberment, Roman fresco at Pompeii.
Literature
The Birth of Tragedy out of the Spirit of Music, Nietzsche, 1871.
Beyond Good and Evil, Nietzsche, 1889.
Metamorphoses, Ovid.
Poem 64, Catullus.
*References:
Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995.
Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991.

Hephaestus
o The Lame God: It is unexpected that a god or goddess would be less than physically
perfect. Hephaestus was lame at birth and as Homer put it walked on thin legs. Why
might the Greeks include a less than perfect god in their pantheon? There are variations
in the story of Hephaestus’ survival as an imperfect god. Students should investigate
what Hephaestus endured at the hands of his parents for his imperfections. They should
pay close attention to Hephaestus acceptance into the pantheon for the skills he
possessed.
o Associated Items & Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
o Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Hephaestus’ relatives and offspring appear in
many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of
Hephaestus’ family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students
should complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next
assignment of creating a family tree for the god.
Family Member
Relation
Zeus
Father
Hera
Mother
Palaemon
Son
Erichthonius by
Atthis/Athena
Son
Erichthonius by Earth
Son
Periphetes by Anticlia
Son
Ardalus
Son
Cadmilus by Cabeiro
Son
Three Cabeiri & Three
Cabeiro
Children
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Hephaestus or from the above chart, student
should create a family tree for Hephaestus like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to
be created to include all of the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that
denote: relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
o
o
o
God of Fire and the Forge: The most important aspect of Hephaestus’ identity is his
association with craftsmanship. His skills in metal working earned him a place among
the Olympians and a cult following on Earth. The works of Hephaestus are described in
great detail by Homer and Hesiod. Students should examine Hephaestus’ works and his
teachings in the art of metal working and craftsmanship.
Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number
of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below
is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Hephaestus. Students
should do their own investigation for the epithets of Hephaestus and then add their
findings to this chart. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks
and other cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of
epithets they create and add.
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Hephaestus. Students will also want to
look at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the
societies that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Hephaestus
or Hephaestus along with other gods and goddesses.
Tools of Hephaestus: Hephaestus’ trademark was his double-headed hammer, or
pelekys, that he has shouldered in many vase paintings. Students should investigate the
pelekys and other tools that Hephaestus used in his craft.
Hephaestus in Art & Literature:
Art
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens.
Literature
Metamorphoses, Ovid.
Fabulae, Hyginus.
*References:
Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995.
Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991.

Hera
o
Epithets and Surnames: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a
finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the
divinity. Below is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Hera.
Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Hera and then check their
findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary. Students
can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the
nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and to which
they add.
As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Hera, student can look for the surnames that the
goddess has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to
discern why a given surname is given to Hera.
Below is a through list of Hera’s surnames. Pausanias’Guide to Greeceis essential when looking for
alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often
provided.
Surname
Hera Pioneer
Hera Protectress
Hera Anthea (Flowery)
Hera of the Height
Hera Hyperchemia (she whose hand is
above)
Hera Goat-Eater
Hera Olympian
Hera Horse-Goddess
Hera Ammonia
Hera Girl
Hera Grown-Up
Hera Widow
Hera Full-Grown
Hera Bride
Hera Charioteer
Hera Limenia
Hera Akraia
o
o
o
o
The Jealous Type: Hera has a reputation for being the jealous wife. As a result of Zeus’
exploits with other goddesses and mortals, Hera becomes enraged enough to exact
some type of revenge. Hera, herself is the faithful wife and this may justify her anger but
are her acts of revenge over zealous? Students should investigate the vengeful side of
Hera.
Baneful and Protective: There are two sides of Hera associated with Greek heroes. She is
either a hero’s protectress or his nemesis who continually makes trouble for her mortal
enemy. Students should examine Hera’s relationship with Jason and Herakles. Students
should not just look at the information from Perseusbut should also look to outside
sources for information.
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Hera. Students will also want to look at
where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies
that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Hera or Hera along
with other gods and goddesses.
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Hera’s relatives and offspring appear in many
main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Hera ‘s
family, including her children by Zeus. Students should fill in the blanks to complete the
chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next assignment of creating a family
tree for the goddess.
Family Member
Relation
Cronos
Father
Rhea
Mother
Zeus
Husband
Hebe by Zeus
Daughter
Ilithyia by Zeus
Daughter
Ares by Zeus
Son
Hephaestus
Son
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Hera or from the above chart, student should
create a family tree for Hera like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to
include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation,
unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
o
Goddess of Womanhood: Hera, along with Artemis, is the goddess of childbirth. She also
represents other positive and negative aspects of Greek womanhood. Students should
investigate the “womanly” side of Hera to form an idea of what the ancient Greeks
believed to be desirable traits for a woman to possess. Some things students should
consider are: motherhood, skilled at the loom, wise, faithful. Students should also
examine women likened to Hera in ancient Greek text.
Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
Hera in Art and Literature:
Art
The Judgment of Paris, by Lucas Cranach the Elder.
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens.
Literature
Metamorphoses, Ovid.
*References:
Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995.
Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991.
Day 4
Discuss with the students Hermes, Poseidon, and Zeus

Hermes
o
o
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Hermes. Students will also want to look
at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies
that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Hermes or Hermes
along with other gods and goddesses.
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Hermes’ relatives and offspring appear in many
main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Hermes’
family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students should fill in
the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next
assignment of creating a family tree for the god.
Family Member
Relation
Zeus
Father
Maia
Mother
Pan by Penelope
Son
Pan by Dryops
Son
Myrtilos
Son
Eurytus by _______
Son
Hermaphrodite by
Aphrodite
Daughter
Apollo
Brother
Cephalus by Herse
Son
Pharis by Phylodamia
Son
Abderus by ______
Son
Bunus by Alcidamea
Son
Autolycus
Son
Polybus by Chthonophyle
Son
Cydon by Acacallis
Son
Eleusis by Daeira
Son
Brothers and sisters through Zeus: Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, all the Muses, Dionysos,
Hephaestus, Ares, Perseus, Herakles, Tantalus, Hebe, Sarpedon, Eileithyia, Helen, Poludeuces.
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Hermes or from the above chart, student should
create a family tree for Hermes like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to
include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation,
unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
Hermes in Art: The depictions of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artist are normally
consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. In the case
of Hermes, artists have depicted him as an older man with a beard and as one of the
youngest gods. Students should investigate the aging of Hermes and whether this aging
takes place over archaeological periods or if it is simply a random occurrence.
Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number
of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity. Below
is a list of epithets and their Greek equivalents associated with Ares. Students should do
their own investigation for the epithets of Ares and then check their findings against this
chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary. Students can then form a
better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures viewed the nature of their
gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and to which they add.
Surname
Helper Hermes
Hermes Ram-Bearer
Hermes Champion
Hermes Epimelius (Keeper of Flocks)
Hermes of the Market Place
Hermes of the Games
Hermes of the Grotto
Hermes Leader
Hermes Parammon
Hermes of the Portal
Hermes Polygius
Hermes Pronaos
Text
Homer, Iliad 20.34
Pausanias 9.22.1
Pausanias 9.22.1
Pausanias 9.34.3
Aristophanes Knights 395
Pausanias 5.14.9
Pausanias 10.32.5
Pausanias 8.31.7
Pausanias 5.15.11
Pausanias 1.22.8
Pausanias 2.31.10
Pausanias 9.10.2
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
Hermes the Guide: Besides being the appointed herald to the gods, Hermes was also a
guide of men, women, gods and spirits. Hermes conducted the souls of the dead to the
Underworld as well as leading goddesses to the tops of mountains. Students should
investigate Hermes’ role in Greek mythology as a guide. They should begin with the
example citations offered below. After some investigating, students should answer the
questions posed below or question you devise. Students should pay close attention to
the idea of Hermes as a go-between, who acts as a middle man between gods and men.
Hermes’ Personality: Unlike Ares, Hermes tends towards the lighter side of the human
personality. Students should look that following primary text entries for Hermes that
deal with his personality. The anthropomorphic version of Hermes offers insight into his
role in the great scheme of Greek life.
The Herms: The Herms, stone posts bearing the head of Hermes and a large phallus, are
associated with the luck bringing aspect of the god. Students should use the information
found in Perseusand in other source materials to investigate the Herms and their
religious significance.
Hermes and Iris, Messengers: Students should use the information below to investigate
the role of Herms and Iris as messengers to the gods. Through a thorough examination
of text and art students can gain a better idea of just what being a messenger to the
gods entailed. Attention should be paid to the idea of Hermes and Iris being gobetweens between gods and men
Iris as Female Version of Hermes: Like Hermes, Iris was a messenger to the gods. Hesiod
explains that Zeus used her as a herald when the gods fought amongst themselves.
Students should look at Iris as an independent goddess and as the female version of
Hermes.
Hermes in Art and Literature:
Art
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
Literature
Metamorphoses, Ovid.
*References: Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995.
Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991.

Poseidon
o Epithets: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a finite number
of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the divinity.
Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Athena and then check
their findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as necessary.
Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other cultures
viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they create and
to which they add.
As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Poseidon, student can look for the surnames that the
god has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern
why a given surname is given to Poseidon.
Below is a through list of Poseidon’s surnames. Pausanias’Guide to Greece is essential when looking for
alternative surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often
provided. Students should fill in the volume, section and line number where mention of each surname is
made.
Surname
Poseidon Pater (Father)
Poseidon Horse God
Isthmian Poseidon
Prosclystius (Flooder) Poseidon
Poseidon King
Poseidon Nurturer (Phytalmios)
Poseidon Genesius
Poseidon Securer
Poseidon Taenarum
Poseidon Hippocurius (Horse-Tending)
Poseidon of the House
Poseidon God of Kin
Poseidon Earth-Embracer
Poseidon Laoetus
Poseidon Taraxippus
Text
Eleusis, Temple of Artemis and Poseidon,
Architecture Description, Pausanias 1.38.6
Pausanias 1.30.4
Pausanias 2.9.6
Pausanias 2.22.4
Pausanias 2.30.6
Pausanias 2.32.7
Pausanias 2.38.4
Pausanias 3.11.9
Pausanias 3.12.5
Pausanias 3.14.2
Pausanias 3.14.7
Pausanias 3.15.10
Pausanias 3.20.2
Pausanias 5.14.4
Pausanias 6.20.18
Poseidon Marine
Poseidon Giver of Safety
Poseidon Heliconian
Poseidon Overseer
o
o
o
o
Pausanias 7.21.7
Pausanias 7.21.7
Pausanias 7.24.5
Pausanias 8.30.1
Poseidon in Art: The depiction of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artist is normally
consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. Students
should compare the many artistic portrayals of Poseidon for consistencies
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Poseidon. Students will also want to look
at where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies
that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Poseidon or Poseidon
along with other gods and goddesses.
Was Poseidon a Loser? : Poseidon lost the control over the sky to his brother, Zeus.
Poseidon was slow on the draw and lost Athens to Athena. Was Poseidon a loser? Were
there aspects of the sea-god that failed to live up to the Greek ideals of Zeus and
Athena? Students should look closely at Poseidon’s losses and just what caused his
misfortunes and missed opportunities.
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Poseidon’s relatives and offspring appear in
many main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of
Poseidon’s family, including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students
should fill in the blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete
the next assignment of creating a family tree for the god.
Family Member
Relation
Aethusa by Alcyone
Daughter
Agenor by Libya
Son
Aloeus by Canace
Son
Althepis by Leis
Son
Anthas by Alcyone
Daughter
Arion by Demeter
Son/Horse
Belus by Libya
Son
Benthesicyme by
Amphitrite
Daughter
Busiris by Libya
Son
Busiris by Lysianassa
Son
Chrysaor by Medusa
Son
Chrysis by Chrysogeneia
Son
Cronos
Father
Cyclopes by Thoosa
Son
Demeter
Sister
Epopeus
Son
Eumolpus by Chione
Son
Eurypylus by Astypalaea
Son
Evadne by Pitana
Daughter
Hades
Brother
Halirrhothius by Euryte
Son
Hera
Sister
Hestia
Sister
Hopleus by Canace
Son
Hyperenor by Alcyone
Son
Eumolpus by Chione
Son
Eumolpus by Chione
Son
Eumolpus by Chione
Son
King Amycus
Son
Lycus by Celaeno
Son
Nauplius by Amymone
Son
Nausithous by Periboea
Son
Neleus by Tyro
Son
Nireus Oeoclus by Ascra
Son
Otus by Iphimedia
Son
Pegasus by Medusa
Horse/Son
Pelias by Tyro
Son
Perecydes by Euryale
Son
Rhode by Amphitrite
Son
Taphius by HIppothoe
Son
Triop Triton by Amphitrite Son
Pelias by Tyro
Son
Pelias by Tyro
Son
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Poseidon or from the above chart, student should
create a family tree for Poseidon like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created
to include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote:
relation, unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
Poseidon in Art and Literature:
Art
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
Literature
Metamorphoses, Ovid.
Fabulae, Hyginus.
*References:
Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995.
Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991.

Zeus
o
Epithets and Surnames: The names of gods and goddesses are often accompanied by a
finite number of traditional epithets that describe the personality or associations of the
divinity. Students should do their own investigation for the epithets of Zeus and then
check their findings against this chart. Additions should be made to the chart as
necessary. Students can then form a better understanding of how the Greeks and other
cultures viewed the nature of their gods and goddesses from the list of epithets they
create and to which they add.
As an alternative to investigating the epithets of Zeus, student can look for the surnames that the god
has earned in different areas of Greece and in different countries. Students should try to discern why a
given surname is given to Zeus.
Below is a thorough list of Zeus’ surnames. Pausanias’ Guide to Greeceis essential when looking for
surnames for any god or goddess. An explanation for the use of a particular surname is often provided.
Students should fill in the volume, section and line number where mention of each surname is made.
Surname
Zeus Soter
Zeus Belus
Saviour Zeus
Zeus Conselor
Dodonian Zeus
Olympian Zeus
Zeus Panellenios (Common to all Greeks)
Zeus Polieus (Urban)
Zeus Ctesius (God of Gain)
Zeus Hymettius
Zeus Rain-God
Zeus Parnethius
Zeus Semaleus (Sign-Giving)
Zeus Averter of Ills
Zeus Anchesmius
Zeus Meilichius (Gracious)
Zeus Conius (Dusty)
Zeus Aphesius (Releaser)
Zeus Chthonius (of the Lower World)
Zeus Most HIgh
Zeus Mechaneus (Contriver)
Zeus Larisaean
Zeus Sthenius (Strong)
Zeus Scotitas (Dark)
Zeus Hospitable
Zeus Tropaean (He Who Turns to Flight)
Zeus Cosmetas (Orderer)
Zeus Phyxius (God of Flight)
Zeus Wealthy
Zeus Messapeus
Text
Encyclopedia Arcadia
Herodotus 1.181
Apollodorus 2.5.1
Pausanias 2.20.6
Pausanias 1.3.5
Pausanias 1.13.3
Pausanias 1.17.2
Pausanias 1.18.9
Pausanias 1.24.4
Pausanias 1.31.4
Pausanias 1.32.2
Pausanias 1.32.2
Pausanias 1.32.2
Pausanias 1.32.2
Pausanias 1.32.2
Pausanias 1.32.2
Pausanias 1.37.4
Pausanias 1.40.6
Pausanias 1.44.9
Pausanias 2.2.8
Pausanias 2.2.8
Pausanias 2.22.2
Pausanias 2.23.3
Pausanias 2.32.7
Pausanias 3.10.5
Pausanias 3.11.11
Pausanias 3.12.9
Pausanias 3.17.4
Pausanias 3.17.9
Pausanias 3.19.7
Pausanias 3.20.3
Zeus Herkeios (of the Courtyard)
Zeus Leucaeus (of the White Poplar)
Zeus Averter of Flies
o
o
o
o
o
Pausanias 4.17.4
Pausanias 5.5.5
Pausanias 5.14.1
Associated Items and Beings: A god or goddess alone is inadequately defined since the
people, beings, animals and things associate with a god or goddess say a lot about them.
Through visual aids and texts, students can learn about the whole god or goddess by the
items, people, beings, animals and things that accompany them or that are used in the
exploits.
Morality of Zeus: As the all powerful god of heaven and earth, Zeus shoulders a
responsibility that must be met with balance and morality. Zeus gives his support
equally to the two sides of a conflict, at one point favoring a side then at another point
favoring its opposite. Students should investigate the moral and balancing aspect of
Zeus in Homer’s Iliadand Odyssey.
Zeus in Art: The depiction of a god or goddess by ancient Greek artist is normally
consistent and drawn from the mythology surrounding the god or goddess. Students
should compare the many artistic portrayals of Zeus for consistencies.
Ruler of the Universe: Zeus has the power to do anything he chooses, he rules the Greek
universe. Certain powers are attributed strictly to Zeus who wields them as he sees fit.
Below is a list of his “powers” or realms in which he is master. Students should
investigate each aspect of the personality of Zeus and his powers.
Family: As one of the twelve main gods, Zeus’ relatives and offspring appear in many
main stream and well-known myths. Below are the beginnings of a chart of Zeus’ family,
including his children by various mortals and goddesses. Students should fill in the
blanks to complete the chart. They can then use this chart to complete the next
assignment of creating a family tree for the god.
Family Member
Relation
Cronos
Father
Rhea
Mother
Aethlius by Protogenia
Son
Aphrodite by Dione
Daughter
Ares by Hera
Son
Argos by Niobe
Son
Artemis by Latona
Daughter
Apollo by Latona
Son
Athena by Metis
Daughter
Atymnius by Cassiepia
Son
Castor by Leda
Son
Pollux by Leda
Son
Perseus by Danae
Sister
Dardanus by Electra
Son
Iasion by Electra
Son
Dionysos by Semele
Son
Tityus by Elare
Son
Asopus by Eurynome
Son
Fates by Themis
Daughters
Graces
Daughters
Hebe by Hera
Daughter
Helen by Leda or Nemesis
Daughter
Hellen by Pyrrha
Son
Hephaestus by Hera
Son
Herakles by Alcmena
Son
Hermes by _____
Son
Ilithyia by Hera
Daughter
Justice by Themis
Daughter
Lacedaemon by Taygete
Son
Minos by Europa
Son
Muses by Memory
Daughters
Pelasgus by Niobe
Son
Nymphs by Themis
Daughters
Order by Themis
Pan by Hybris
Son
Persephone by Styx
Daughter
Rhadamanthys by Europa
Sarpedon by Laodamia
Son
Seasons by Themis
Daughters
Zethus by Antiope
Son
Using the information from the Encyclopedia entry for Zeus or from the above chart, student should
create a family tree for Zeus like the one below. Notice that separate trees may need to be created to
include all the relevant family members. Student should devise their own symbols that denote: relation,
unknown parentage, sex, etc.
o
o
Zeus the Great Philanderer: Despite his marriage to the most beautiful of the goddesses,
Zeus continuously had affairs with mortals and lesser deities. These affairs often worked
to the detriment of the females involved as Hera sought revenge that often resulted in
death. Students should examine the affairs of Zeus and should question why he had so
many. What were the Greeks saying about extra-marital affairs for men versus ones for
women? How was Zeus punished for his affairs? What children resulted from these
affairs and why were some of them so powerful as gods and mortals? And, how did Hera
seek to avenge Zeus’ indiscretions?
Foreign Zeus: Herodotus’ History is the place to start when looking for manifestations of
Zeus. Herodotus reports of Zeus as he is considered by the Scythians, Egyptians,
Babylonian, Libyans, Ethiopians and Persians. This information can be useful for a
comparative study of religions in ancient times.
o
o
Associated Rituals: An important part of the nature of a god or goddess may be
discerned from the rituals performed for the favor of that god or goddess. Students
should look at the rituals performed in favor of Zeus. Students will also want to look at
where the rituals are performed, who performs the rituals and whether the societies
that include these rituals in their religious practices worship only Zeus or Zeus along
with other gods and goddesses.
Zeus in Art and Literature:
Art
Jupiter and Thetis, by J. A. D. Ingres.
The Rape of Europa, by Titian, Isabella Stewart Gardener Museum, Boston.
The Judgment of Paris, by Lucas Cranach the Elder.
The Feast of the Gods, by Giovanni Bellini, 1514.
Saturn Devouring His Children, by Francisco Goya.
Jupiter and Ino, by Antonia Allegri da Correggio, 1532.
The Discovery of the Infant Erichthonius, by Peter Paul Rubens, Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Literature
Metamorphoses, Ovid.
Fabulae, Hyginus.
Fasti, Ovid.
Paradise Lost, John Milton, 1667-1674.
A Vision, “Leda and the Swan” by William Butler Yeats, 1925.
*References:
Powell, Barry B. Classical Myth. Prentice Hall: New Jersey, 1995.
Lenardon, Robert J. Classical Mythology. Longman Press: New York, 1991.
Day 5
Test Day: Choose 6 out of the 12 Gods and write three items about them. Example: Family,
Art/Literature, Epithets, Associated Rituals, etc.
*Source: Greek Gods: The Olympus Twelve. 2006. CTCWeb Editors. Apr. 2009
<http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/ancientolympians.html>.