Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Europeans Seek Greater Wealth Desire for ____________________________________ was the main reason for European exploration. People of Europe had been introduced to spices & luxury goods from Asia during Crusades. o They liked nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper. Because demand for these were high, merchants could charge ___________ prices and make lots of money. Italians & Muslims controlled trade East to West. o European monarchs wanted to _______________ this costly area, and needed _________________________________ to Asia. 3 Reasons for Exploration ______________ o Belief in the one true ______________________ God. o _______________________ as the model of Christianity. ______________ o Belief your country is the best. o Monarchs desiring power and control. ______________ o ___________________ o Whoever has the most money is the most _______________________ World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Technological Advances While “God, Glory, and Gold” were the motives, advances in _____________________ made voyages possible. Early ships could not sail against the wind… but in the 1400s shipbuilders designed a new sturdy vessel – the __________________. Caravels had ___________________ sails that allowed it to sail against the wind. Also used the astrolabe to navigate. Portugal Leads the Way The leader in developing & applying sailing innovations was Portugal. Portugal is located on the Atlantic, at the SW corner of ______________. Portugal was first to establish outposts along the coast of _____________, eventually pushing east into the Indian Ocean. Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia The Portuguese believed that to reach Asia by sea you must sail around the tip of Africa - __________________________________. 1488: Bartolomeu Dias ventured to the tip of Africa, and in a storm was steered east of Africa. 1498: ___________________________ reached India. o His voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct ________ route to Asia. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration The Spanish Follow in Exploration The Spanish continued to watch the Portuguese and their profitable trade with envy (jealousy). Spain’s monarch wanted trade routes to Asia too! 1492: _______________________________ convinces the Spanish monarchs that he can find a faster route to Asia by sailing west. o Oct. 1492 he reached the ________________________________. Rivalry between Spain and Portugal grows more intense. 1493: The __________ steps in to stop a war. Suggesting drawing an imaginary line down through the Atlantic. o Called the ______________________________________ All land ___________ of the line is ___________________, and __________ of the line is __________________. Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal complained that the line gave too much land to Spain, so it was moved farther west to include parts of modern day _______________ for the Portuguese. 1494: Spain and Portugal signed the ________________________________ where they agreed to honor the line. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean PORTUGAL o Portuguese built a trading empire in the _______________________ and took the spice trade away from the _________________. o 1514: The built a fort at Hormuz connecting the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea. o They would continue to move east, capturing ports in west of India at Goa & Malaysia (___________________). o By breaking the Muslim/Italian trade control, they brought back goods at ______ the original cost! SPAIN o 1521: A Spanish expedition lead by ___________________________ (a Portuguese man by birth) arrived in the Philippines, claiming them for Spain. o Magellan in known as the first explorer to ______________________ the globe. o By the early 1600s, the rest of Europe began to descend upon Asia, establishing their own trade networks in the East. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Spanish Conquest of America Columbus’ Voyage of Discovery o There’s not much excitement when the __________, the _________, and the ___________________ leave a Spanish port on August 3, 1492. o _____________________: Columbus and his men come ashore. Thinking he had reached the East Indies, he called the locals ________________. He had miscalculated, landing on an island in the Caribbean, he named “__________________________.” o As Columbus moved through the Caribbean he claimed each island in the name of Spain. o 1493: He returns to Spain, and is ordered by the monarchs to go back to the “New World” and build an empire. o After disappointing loss of life and control over the natives, Christopher Columbus lost most of his reputation. o Died in ___________ still believing he’d found a faster route to Asia. Other Explorers Take to the Seas 1500: ____________________________ reaches Brazil and claims it for Portugal. 1500: ____________________________ sailing for Portugal travels along the east coast of South America. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration o 1507: A German mapmaker named the continent “________________” in honor of Vespucci’s voyage. 1519: ____________________________ marched through Panama (central America) and became first to see the Pacific Ocean from America. 1522: ____________________ expedition rounds the tip of South America and sails across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines. o First to circumnavigate the globe! Spain Builds and American Empire 1519: ______________________ lands on the shores of ____________, then marched inland looking to claim new lands for Spain. o What is the name for Spanish explorers/conquerors? _______________________ Cortes Conquers the Aztecs o After landing in Mexico, Cortes learns of a vast and wealthy Aztec Empire in central Mexico. o Reached the capital of _______________________ and met the Aztec ruler ____________________________ who is convinced they are gods. o Cortes is not satisfied with the riches given to him and forces the Aztecs to mine for more riches. o 1520: The Aztecs ____________ against the Spanish, but the Spanish strike back. And despite being ___________________, Cortes and his men conquer the Aztecs in ____________. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Factors Leading to Cortes’ Victory o Spanish had superior ____________________ Aztec arrows were no match for armor and gunpowder. o Cortes used other natives’ (the Aztec’s enemies) against them. o Natives could not stop the invisible warrior – ________________. Measles, smallpox, mumps Indians had ___________________________ to these diseases, and they died in the 100’s of thousands. Spain’s New Social Structure Spanish drew on experience with the Muslims and established a _____________________________. o ______________________: Spanish-born settlers to America. o ______________: Descendants of Peninsulares, but born in _____________________. o Mestizos: Mixed __________________________ o Mulattoes: Mixed _____________________________ o Indians: ______________ of the social classes – had no rights! Spanish forced Indians to work on a plantation system that they called __________________________. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Conquistadors Push North Dreams on conquest prompted the Spanish to back expeditions into what is now the South West United States. 1513: ____________________________ wandered through Florida and claims it for Spain. 1540: ____________________________ leads an expedition through much of the American Southwest searching for ____________ - the lost ________ ____________________. Did he ever find it? __________ 1609: Spanish priests build a capital of Spain’s northern territory on the Rio Grande, and call it ________________ which means __________________. The Portuguese in Brazil 1500: _______________________ claimed the land for Portugal, and during the 1530s colonists begin to settle on the coastal region. Finding little gold or silver, the settlers begin to grow _____________, building huge plantations, clearing rain forests, and using natives as slave labor. Competing Claims in North America FRENCH o 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed to North America. He didn’t find a northwest passage to the Pacific, he did discover was is today ______________________________. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration o 1534: ______________________________ reached the St. Lawrence River, until he reached a hill which he named Mont Royal (today it is called _______________________). o 1608: Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River and claimed the region for France, naming it ______________. The settlement grew and became France’s base in American, known as ______________________ o 1673: French priest Jacques Marquette, and trade Louis Joliet, explore the ________________________ and upper Mississippi River. o 1683: ___________________________ explores lower Mississippi and claims the entire river valley for France and names it _________________________, in honor of King ________________ o France’s North American empire was HUGE, but sparsely populated. Large amounts of colonists had ______________________ in building towns or raising families – many are priests, and young single men engaged in _______________________ They were interested in making _______________ off the land. ENGLISH o 1606: A company of London investors obtained a charter from King James to found a colony in North America. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration o 1607: 3 ships and 100 settlers reach the coast of Virginia. The named the settlement ________________________. The colony’s start was a __________________ - the settlers were more interested in finding ____________ than _____________________. o During the early years, 7 out of 10 people died of hunger, disease, and fighting local tribes. o Jamestown improved greatly after the discovery and cultivating of a new cash crop - _______________________ There was high demand for the tobacco back in England, and the trading companies made a lot of money. PURITANS o 1620: While settlers struggled at Jamestown, another group called __________________ founded the 2nd English colony, __________________________, in today’s Massachusetts. They were Protestants and left England for religious freedom. o 1628: Another group, __________________, also sought freedom from the Anglican Church – establishing a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts Bay. Mostly settled by ________________________ World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Colonizing the Caribbean In the 1600s other Europeans colonize the Caribbean. o ______________ seize control of Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. o ______________ take Barbados and Jamaica. o ______________ take the Antilles and Aruba. They built huge _______________ and __________ plantations on these islands, and will start to use ________________ slaves as the labor. The Fight for North America – England Battles France 1754: Dispute over lands in the Ohio River Valley leads to a conflict known as the __________________________________. o England vs. France and their Indian Allies This became part of a larger conflict known as the _____________________ ________________ in Europe Britain, France, and their allies, battled for territory & colonies in Europe and in the West Indies. 1763: British ______________ the French, and as a result the French lose almost ________________________ in North America. The Atlantic Slave Trade Slavery in Africa o As elsewhere, slavery _________________________ in Africa for many years. As Islam spread in Africa, so did the slave trade. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration o African rulers justified slavery with the Islamic belief that non-Muslim “Prisoners Of War” could be bought and sold as slaves. o However, slavery in Africa was not ____________. It wasn’t _________________ - so children of slaves weren’t necessarily slaves themselves, and you could ____________________ of slavery. The Desire for Africans o The first Europeans to explore west Africa were the ______________ in the 1400s. o As Indians in American began dying of overwork and disease, Europeans became desperate for new workers – looked to Africa. o Using Africans had several advantages… Many had already been exposed to _________________________ Many Africans already had experience in ____________________ Africans, as strangers to North America, had little knowledge of land or tribes – thus they are less likely to ___________________! o In time, the buying/selling of Africans – known as the ____________ ______________________ - became a massive enterprise. Spain & Portugal Lead the Way o _____________ took the early lead in bringing Africans to America. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration o By 1650 nearly _____________________ Africans worked on Spanish plantations and in mines. o The _____________________ soon pass the Spanish. During the 1600s, more than ________ of all Africans brought to the Americas went to Brazil to work on sugar plantations. Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas As other Europeans colonize, demand for cheap labor increased. As __________________ presence grew, it began to dominate the slave trade from 1690 until it abolished slavery in 1807. A much SMALLER number ended up in England’s North American colonies. o But once IN the colonies the slave population grew. o By 1830, roughly _____________________ slaves in the US. African Cooperation & Resistance Many African rulers and merchants played a _________________ role in slave trade, whether selling to Europeans or Muslims. Most Europeans traders, rather than travel inland, ____________________ ___________________. o ____________________________, with the help of local rulers, did the “capturing”…. and then brought the captives to the coast. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration As the trade grew, however, many rulers began to became opposed to it – but nevertheless it continued. o Africans rulers cared more about the _______________ made from selling slaves, than about protecting the people they had helped ___________________. The Middle Passage The voyage bringing Africans to the Caribbean and later the Americas was known as the ______________________________. o Was considered the “middle leg” of the triangular trade. Africans were packed into the dark holds of ships, which were filled with the smell of blood, sweat, and excrement. Numerous slaves died on the voyage from disease or abuse… o Roughly ___________ of all who boarded, died along the way. The Triangular Trade Part 1: __________________________ were shipped from __________________ to __________________. Part 2: African slaves were _________________ for the goods, and then shipped to the Americas, especially the ______________________. Part 3: ______________ and ____________________________ were then shipped from the Caribbean to North America and ___________________. o Completing the “triangle.” World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade 1. Numerous cultures/tribes lost generations of their fittest members – their ___________________________________. 2. Countless African families were ____________________, many of whom were never reunited. 3. The slave trade introduced more ___________ to Africa – helping to spread war and conflict among African kings who were anxious to expand into each other’s territory. The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas is known as the _____________________________________ Ships from American brought back items that Europeans, Asians, and Africans had never seen before - __________________, _______________, pineapples, _______________, and cocoa beans, as well as corn & potatoes. Europeans brought to the Americas livestock - ________________________ _______________________. Europeans brought food from Africa – bananas, black eyed peas, yams. Negatively, ___________________ was just as big a part of the exchange as food – smallpox, measles, etc. brought to America led to the death of ____________________ of _________________________________. World History Teacher: Miss Bunnell European Exploration Growth of Mercantilism Mercantilism was a new economic policy that started during the 1500s that stated a country’s ________________ depended mainly on its ___________ Also, a country should establish a __________________________________ ____________________________ - in which it ___________________ goods than it _______________. Joint-Stock Companies Joint-Stock Companies involve a number of people ____________________ ____________________________________ for a common purpose. Because joint-stock companies involve numerous investors, individual members paid only a ___________________ of total colony cost. o If the colony FAILED, investors only lost their __________________ o If the colony THRIVED, then the investor ___________________ in the profits.