Download notes - european exploration - World History with Miss Bunnell

World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Europeans Seek Greater Wealth
 Desire for ____________________________________ was the main reason
for European exploration.
 People of Europe had been introduced to spices & luxury goods from Asia
during Crusades.
o They liked nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper.
 Because demand for these were high, merchants could charge ___________
prices and make lots of money.
 Italians & Muslims controlled trade East to West.
o European monarchs wanted to _______________ this costly area, and
needed _________________________________ to Asia.
3 Reasons for Exploration
 ______________
o Belief in the one true ______________________ God.
o _______________________ as the model of Christianity.
 ______________
o Belief your country is the best.
o Monarchs desiring power and control.
 ______________
o ___________________
o Whoever has the most money is the most _______________________
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Technological Advances
 While “God, Glory, and Gold” were the motives, advances in
_____________________ made voyages possible.
 Early ships could not sail against the wind… but in the 1400s shipbuilders
designed a new sturdy vessel – the __________________.
 Caravels had ___________________ sails that allowed it to sail against the
wind.
 Also used the astrolabe to navigate.
Portugal Leads the Way
 The leader in developing & applying sailing innovations was Portugal.
 Portugal is located on the Atlantic, at the SW corner of ______________.
 Portugal was first to establish outposts along the coast of _____________,
eventually pushing east into the Indian Ocean.
Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia
 The Portuguese believed that to reach Asia by sea you must sail around the
tip of Africa - __________________________________.
 1488: Bartolomeu Dias ventured to the tip of Africa, and in a storm was
steered east of Africa.
 1498: ___________________________ reached India.
o His voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct ________ route to
Asia.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
The Spanish Follow in Exploration
 The Spanish continued to watch the Portuguese and their profitable trade
with envy (jealousy). Spain’s monarch wanted trade routes to Asia too!
 1492: _______________________________ convinces the Spanish
monarchs that he can find a faster route to Asia by sailing west.
o Oct. 1492 he reached the ________________________________.
 Rivalry between Spain and Portugal grows more intense.
 1493: The __________ steps in to stop a war. Suggesting drawing an
imaginary line down through the Atlantic.
o Called the ______________________________________
 All land ___________ of the line is ___________________, and
__________ of the line is __________________.
Treaty of Tordesillas
 Portugal complained that the line gave too much land to Spain, so it was
moved farther west to include parts of modern day _______________ for the
Portuguese.
 1494: Spain and Portugal signed the ________________________________
where they agreed to honor the line.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
 PORTUGAL
o Portuguese built a trading empire in the _______________________
and took the spice trade away from the _________________.
o 1514: The built a fort at Hormuz connecting the Persian Gulf and
Arabian Sea.
o They would continue to move east, capturing ports in west of India at
Goa & Malaysia (___________________).
o By breaking the Muslim/Italian trade control, they brought back goods
at ______ the original cost!
 SPAIN
o 1521: A Spanish expedition lead by ___________________________
(a Portuguese man by birth) arrived in the Philippines, claiming them
for Spain.
o Magellan in known as the first explorer to ______________________
the globe.
o By the early 1600s, the rest of Europe began to descend upon Asia,
establishing their own trade networks in the East.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Spanish Conquest of America
 Columbus’ Voyage of Discovery
o There’s not much excitement when the __________, the _________,
and the ___________________ leave a Spanish port on
August 3, 1492.
o _____________________: Columbus and his men come ashore.
Thinking he had reached the East Indies, he called the locals
________________.
 He had miscalculated, landing on an island in the Caribbean, he
named “__________________________.”
o As Columbus moved through the Caribbean he claimed each island in
the name of Spain.
o 1493: He returns to Spain, and is ordered by the monarchs to go back
to the “New World” and build an empire.
o After disappointing loss of life and control over the natives,
Christopher Columbus lost most of his reputation.
o Died in ___________ still believing he’d found a faster route to Asia.
Other Explorers Take to the Seas
 1500: ____________________________ reaches Brazil and claims it for
Portugal.
 1500: ____________________________ sailing for Portugal travels along the east
coast of South America.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
o 1507: A German mapmaker named the continent “________________”
in honor of Vespucci’s voyage.
 1519: ____________________________ marched through Panama (central
America) and became first to see the Pacific Ocean from America.
 1522: ____________________ expedition rounds the tip of South America
and sails across the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines.
o First to circumnavigate the globe!
Spain Builds and American Empire
 1519: ______________________ lands on the shores of ____________,
then marched inland looking to claim new lands for Spain.
o What is the name for Spanish explorers/conquerors?
_______________________
 Cortes Conquers the Aztecs
o After landing in Mexico, Cortes learns of a vast and wealthy Aztec
Empire in central Mexico.
o Reached the capital of _______________________ and met the Aztec
ruler ____________________________ who is convinced they are
gods.
o Cortes is not satisfied with the riches given to him and forces the
Aztecs to mine for more riches.
o 1520: The Aztecs ____________ against the Spanish, but the Spanish strike
back. And despite being ___________________, Cortes and his men conquer
the Aztecs in ____________.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
 Factors Leading to Cortes’ Victory
o Spanish had superior ____________________
 Aztec arrows were no match for armor and gunpowder.
o Cortes used other natives’ (the Aztec’s enemies) against them.
o Natives could not stop the invisible warrior – ________________.
 Measles, smallpox, mumps
 Indians had ___________________________ to these diseases,
and they died in the 100’s of thousands.
Spain’s New Social Structure
 Spanish drew on experience with the Muslims and established a
_____________________________.
o ______________________: Spanish-born settlers to America.
o ______________: Descendants of Peninsulares, but born in
_____________________.
o Mestizos: Mixed __________________________
o Mulattoes: Mixed _____________________________
o Indians: ______________ of the social classes – had no rights!
 Spanish forced Indians to work on a plantation system that they
called __________________________.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Conquistadors Push North
 Dreams on conquest prompted the Spanish to back expeditions into what is
now the South West United States.
 1513: ____________________________ wandered through Florida and
claims it for Spain.
 1540: ____________________________ leads an expedition through much
of the American Southwest searching for ____________ - the lost ________
____________________. Did he ever find it? __________
 1609: Spanish priests build a capital of Spain’s northern territory on the Rio
Grande, and call it ________________ which means __________________.
The Portuguese in Brazil
 1500: _______________________ claimed the land for Portugal, and during
the 1530s colonists begin to settle on the coastal region.
 Finding little gold or silver, the settlers begin to grow _____________,
building huge plantations, clearing rain forests, and using natives as slave
labor.
Competing Claims in North America
 FRENCH
o 1524: Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed to North America. He didn’t
find a northwest passage to the Pacific, he did discover was is today
______________________________.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
o 1534: ______________________________ reached the St. Lawrence
River, until he reached a hill which he named Mont Royal (today it is
called _______________________).
o 1608: Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River and
claimed the region for France, naming it ______________.
 The settlement grew and became France’s base in American,
known as ______________________
o 1673: French priest Jacques Marquette, and trade Louis Joliet, explore
the ________________________ and upper Mississippi River.
o 1683: ___________________________ explores lower Mississippi
and claims the entire river valley for France and names it
_________________________, in honor of King ________________
o France’s North American empire was HUGE, but sparsely populated.
 Large amounts of colonists had ______________________ in
building towns or raising families – many are priests, and
young single men engaged in _______________________
 They were interested in making _______________ off the land.
 ENGLISH
o 1606: A company of London investors obtained a charter from King
James to found a colony in North America.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
o 1607: 3 ships and 100 settlers reach the coast of Virginia. The named
the settlement ________________________.
 The colony’s start was a __________________ - the settlers
were more interested in finding ____________ than
_____________________.
o During the early years, 7 out of 10 people died of hunger, disease, and
fighting local tribes.
o Jamestown improved greatly after the discovery and cultivating of a
new cash crop - _______________________
 There was high demand for the tobacco back in England, and
the trading companies made a lot of money.
 PURITANS
o 1620: While settlers struggled at Jamestown, another group called
__________________ founded the 2nd English colony,
__________________________, in today’s Massachusetts.
 They were Protestants and left England for religious freedom.
o 1628: Another group, __________________, also sought freedom
from the Anglican Church – establishing a larger colony at nearby
Massachusetts Bay.
 Mostly settled by ________________________
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Colonizing the Caribbean
 In the 1600s other Europeans colonize the Caribbean.
o ______________ seize control of Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.
o ______________ take Barbados and Jamaica.
o ______________ take the Antilles and Aruba.
 They built huge _______________ and __________ plantations on these
islands, and will start to use ________________ slaves as the labor.
The Fight for North America – England Battles France
 1754: Dispute over lands in the Ohio River Valley leads to a conflict known
as the __________________________________.
o England vs. France and their Indian Allies
 This became part of a larger conflict known as the _____________________
________________ in Europe  Britain, France, and their allies, battled for
territory & colonies in Europe and in the West Indies.
 1763: British ______________ the French, and as a result the French lose
almost ________________________ in North America.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
 Slavery in Africa
o As elsewhere, slavery _________________________ in Africa for many years.
As Islam spread in Africa, so did the slave trade.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
o African rulers justified slavery with the Islamic belief that
non-Muslim “Prisoners Of War” could be bought and sold as slaves.
o However, slavery in Africa was not ____________. It wasn’t
_________________ - so children of slaves weren’t necessarily slaves
themselves, and you could ____________________ of slavery.
 The Desire for Africans
o The first Europeans to explore west Africa were the ______________
in the 1400s.
o As Indians in American began dying of overwork and disease,
Europeans became desperate for new workers – looked to Africa.
o Using Africans had several advantages…
 Many had already been exposed to _________________________
 Many Africans already had experience in ____________________
 Africans, as strangers to North America, had little knowledge of
land or tribes – thus they are less likely to ___________________!
o In time, the buying/selling of Africans – known as the ____________
______________________ - became a massive enterprise.
 Spain & Portugal Lead the Way
o _____________ took the early lead in bringing Africans to America.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
o By 1650 nearly _____________________ Africans worked on
Spanish plantations and in mines.
o The _____________________ soon pass the Spanish.
 During the 1600s, more than ________ of all Africans brought
to the Americas went to Brazil to work on sugar plantations.
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas
 As other Europeans colonize, demand for cheap labor increased.
 As __________________ presence grew, it began to dominate the slave
trade from 1690 until it abolished slavery in 1807.
 A much SMALLER number ended up in England’s North American
colonies.
o But once IN the colonies the slave population grew.
o By 1830, roughly _____________________ slaves in the US.
African Cooperation & Resistance
 Many African rulers and merchants played a _________________ role in slave
trade, whether selling to Europeans or Muslims.
 Most Europeans traders, rather than travel inland, ____________________
___________________.
o ____________________________, with the help of local rulers, did
the “capturing”…. and then brought the captives to the coast.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
 As the trade grew, however, many rulers began to became opposed to it –
but nevertheless it continued.
o Africans rulers cared more about the _______________ made from
selling slaves, than about protecting the people they had helped
___________________.
The Middle Passage
 The voyage bringing Africans to the Caribbean and later the Americas was
known as the ______________________________.
o Was considered the “middle leg” of the triangular trade.
 Africans were packed into the dark holds of ships, which were filled with the
smell of blood, sweat, and excrement.
 Numerous slaves died on the voyage from disease or abuse…
o Roughly ___________ of all who boarded, died along the way.
The Triangular Trade
 Part 1: __________________________ were shipped from
__________________ to __________________.
 Part 2: African slaves were _________________ for the goods, and then
shipped to the Americas, especially the ______________________.
 Part 3: ______________ and ____________________________ were then
shipped from the Caribbean to North America and ___________________.
o Completing the “triangle.”
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade
1. Numerous cultures/tribes lost generations of their fittest members – their
___________________________________.
2. Countless African families were ____________________, many of whom
were never reunited.
3. The slave trade introduced more ___________ to Africa – helping to spread
war and conflict among African kings who were anxious to expand into each
other’s territory.
The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade
 The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of
the Americas is known as the _____________________________________
 Ships from American brought back items that Europeans, Asians, and
Africans had never seen before - __________________, _______________,
pineapples, _______________, and cocoa beans, as well as corn & potatoes.
 Europeans brought to the Americas livestock - ________________________
_______________________.
 Europeans brought food from Africa – bananas, black eyed peas, yams.
 Negatively, ___________________ was just as big a part of the exchange as
food – smallpox, measles, etc. brought to America led to the death of
____________________ of _________________________________.
World History
Teacher: Miss Bunnell
European Exploration
Growth of Mercantilism
 Mercantilism was a new economic policy that started during the 1500s that
stated a country’s ________________ depended mainly on its ___________
 Also, a country should establish a __________________________________
____________________________ - in which it ___________________
goods than it _______________.
Joint-Stock Companies
 Joint-Stock Companies involve a number of people ____________________
____________________________________ for a common purpose.
 Because joint-stock companies involve numerous investors, individual
members paid only a ___________________ of total colony cost.
o If the colony FAILED, investors only lost their __________________
o If the colony THRIVED, then the investor ___________________ in
the profits.