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Bellwork: copy the question and answer choices Which of the following organisms are most closely related? A. Asterias rubens and Asterias forbesi B. Bubulcus ibis and Xenicibis xympithecus C. Ophiderma salamandra and Salamandra algira D. Ceanothus americanus and Lethocerus americanus Classification Levels Essential Question: How can I use a hierarchical classification system to identify relationships among organisms? Classification is the grouping of objects or information based on similarities. In Biology: • Taxonomy is the science of grouping and naming organisms. •In other words, taxonomy is the process of classifying and naming biological (living) organisms. BONUS: How to preserve a specimen EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION • Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent not just physical similarities. • Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. Basis for Modern Taxonomy • Homologous structures (same structure, different function) • Similar embryo development • Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Classification Groups • Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed • There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific The major classification levels, from most general to most specific BROADEST TAXON • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Most Specific A group at any level is a taxon. 9 • Darling • Katy • Perry • Came • Over • For • Good • Soup! 10 The six kingdoms in the classification system are: 1. Eubacteria 2. Archaebacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia Debrief 1. What characteristics do you think separate the different kingdoms? 2. What are some things you would classify in the kingdom Fungi? Eubacteria? Plantae? Walking Review Organism Cat Wolf Fly Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Mammalia Insecta Order Carnivora Carnivora Diptera Family Felidae Canidae Muscidae Genus Felis Canis Musca F. domesticus C. lupus M. domestica Species 1. What type of animal is Musca domestica? 2. From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)? 4. What is the scientific name for the Canada goose? 5. Explain which two organisms are the most closely related. 6. Which taxa do the human and goose have in common? 7. At which taxon do the lion and lynx diverge? 8. Which kingdom does C. comatus belong to? 9. Which taxa do the lion and lynx have in common? 10. What is the scientific name for the lion? African Buffalo Burchell’s Zebra Grant’s Gazelle Animalia Chordata Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Synceruscaffer Animalia Chordata Mammalia Perissodactyla Equidae Equusburchellii Animalia Chordata Mammalia Artiodactyla Bovidae Nangergranti 11. Describe 2 conclusions that can be made from this information. The information below describes the most specific levels of classification that the mushroom sea squirt, Sycozoa gaimardi, shares with four other organisms. •The mushroom sea squirt is in the same class as the common sea grape. •The mushroom sea squirt is in the same family as the blue spot ascidian. •The mushroom sea squirt is in the same order as the white speck tunicate. •The mushroom sea squirt is in the same phylum as the starry skate. 12. To which of the four organisms is the mushroom sea squirt most closely related? 13. Which of the beetles above must belong to the same family? Student 14. Four students researched the classifications of the following eight whales: killer whale, Orcinus orca gray whale, Eschrichtius robustus humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus The students were asked which two whales are most closely related and why. The table below summarizes the students’ answers. Based on the classifications, which student gave the correct answer to the question? Whales Most Closely Related Reason 1 killer whale They are and gray both whale mammals. 2 humpback whale and pygmy right whale They are both whales. 3 fin whale and minke whale They are both in the same genus. 4 North They are Atlantic both in the right whale same and family. bowhead whale California Sea Lion Galápagos Sea Lion New Zealand Sea Lion Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora Family Otariidae Otariidae Otariidae Genus Zalophus Zalophus Phocarctos wollebaeki hookeri Species californianus 15. Which two organisms are most closely related? 16. Which taxa do all three organisms share? 17.The Ursidae family of animals includes the giant panda, the brown bear, the polar bear, and the spectacled bear. Which of the following characteristics best helps classify these bears into genus and species levels? A.eating habits B.gene sequences C.method of reproduction D.location of natural habitat Scientists compared the DNA sequence of a gene in four mammals. A portion of the gene’s DNA sequence in each mammal is shown below. Mammal DNA Sequence 1 TCTCAACTACAA 2 TCTCAGCTGCAA 3 ACTCAGCTACAA 4 TCTCAGCTGCAG 18. Based on the sequence data, which of the mammals are most closely related to each other? 18. Identify the organism pictured below 19. Identify the organism pictured below 20. Identify the organism pictured below