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Chapter 18 Study guide You may use a 4X6 notecard for the test. If you do not have a 4X6 card, you may cut a piece of paper to those dimensions. The only extra credit that is available for this test is the Taxonomy project! It would be a good idea to attempt the project. Multiple Choice (15 questions) One reason common names are not useful to biologists is that: they can apply to more than one animal At any level of organization, groups that have biological meaning are referred to as: (cladograms, binomials, taxa, or systems)taxa According to the rules of binominal nomenclature, which of the terms is capitalized? Genus Often, the second part of a scientific name is: A description of a trait or habitat, the species name only, the genus and species names, neither the genus nor species names When classifying organisms, a monophyletic group includes one: ancestor and all its descendants The grouping of organisms based on their common descent is called: evolutionary classification In contrast to Linnaean taxonomy, cladistics analysis considers only which kind of traits, or character, for analysis? Derived characters What does cladistics analysis show about organisms? The importance of each derived character, the relative degrees of relatedness among lineages, the general fitness of the organisms, all traits of each organism analyzed What does the presence of similar DNA sequences in the genes in very dissimilar organisms imply? The organisms share a common anscestor What cell structures in eukaryotic cells contain DNA that can be used to determine evolutionary relationships? Nuclei and mitochondria Which kingdom contains heterotrophs with cell wells of chitin? Fungi Why is the kingdom Protista not valid under evolutionary classification? Protista contains groups that share closest common ancestors with other groups, rather than with each other The domain that contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments is: Archaea What is thought to be true about the three domains of living things? They diverged from a common ancestor before the evolution of the main groups of eukaryotes The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are: Archaea and Bacteria True/False (2 questions) Usrus maritimus, Ursus refers to the species. False, genus Modern biologists build classification diagrams called cladograms that reflect lines of evolutionary descent. True Completion (4 questions) In systematics, the class Mammalia is grouped with the classes Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, and all classes of fishes into the ____phylum________ Chordata. In __Linnaen/traditional classification___________________, groups of organisms were formed on the basis of physical traits rather than evolutionary relationships. The domain __Eukarya___________ contains plants, fungi, protists, and animals, which are all eukaryotes. The domain __Bacteria__________ is composed of the Kingdom Eubacteria. Science Skills Use the diagram below to answer the following questions on the lines provided. Classification of Four Organisms Corn Whale Shark Humpback Whale Spider Monkey Kingdom Plantae Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Anthophyta Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Monocotyledones Chondrichthyes Mammalia Mammalia Order Commelinales Squaliformes Cetacea Primates Family Poaceae Rhincodontidae Balaenopteridae Atelidae Genus Zea Rhincodon Megaptera Ateles Species Zea mays Rhinacodon typus Megaptera novaeangilae Ateles paniscus Figure 18–2 22. Interpret Tables Which two organisms listed in Figure 18–2 are most closely related to each other? Explain. 23. Interpret Tables Which level of taxonomic category shown in Figure 18–2 indicates whether an organism is a mammal or not? 24. Interpret Tables How many different kingdoms are represented by the organisms listed in Figure 18–2? What are they? 25. Infer Consider the following statement: “Size and shape are NOT reliable indicators of how closely different organisms are related.” What information shown in Figure 18–2 supports this statement?