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Classification of organisms Whittaker’s 5 kingdoms Organisms Monera Prokaryotes | Unicellular Protista Eukaryotes | Unicellular Fungi Eukaryotes | Multicellular With cell wall Don’t perform photosynthesis Plantae Eukaryotes | Multicellular With cell wall Perform photosynthesis Animalia Eukaryotes | Multicellular No cell wall Prokaryotes | Unicellular MONERA Monera Lactic Acid Bacteria Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), grown on purpose in cucumbers immersed in a salty brine digest the sugars in the cucumbers and metabolize them into lactic acid. Thus they remove a potential food source for harmful bacteria. At the same time, lactic acid produces an acidic medium which functions as a preservative and controls spoilage bacteria. The high salt concentration used is tolerated by the lactic acid bacteria but prevents spoilage bacteria from propagating. The cucumbers thus treated are called pickles or pickled cucumbers. e.g. Lactobacillus - probiotic bacteria, which are useful for human and animal health Magnification: x6666 @ 10 cm. Monera Blue-green Algae Magnification: x250 @ 3.5 cm. a.k.a Nostoc or Cynanobacteria The name "cyanobacteria" comes from the color of the bacteria (Greek: κυανός (kyanós) = blue). The ability of cyanobacteria to perform oxygenic photosynthesis is thought to have converted the early reducing atmosphere into an oxidizing one, which dramatically changed the composition of life forms on Earth by stimulating biodiversity. Cyanobacteria can be found in almost every conceivable environment, from oceans to fresh water to bare rock to soil. Heterocyst-forming species are specialized for nitrogen fixation and are able to fix nitrogen gas into ammonia, nitrites or nitrates which can be absorbed by plants and converted to protein and nucleic acids Magnification x1000 @ 10 cm. Eukaryotes | Unicellular PROTISTA Protista Protozoa - Paramecium Paramecium is a group of unicellular ciliate protozoa. They are about 50 to 350 μm in length. Simple cilia cover the body, which allow the cell to move with a synchronous motion (like a caterpillar). Paramecia are widespread in freshwater environments. Paramecia feed on microorganisms like bacteria, algae, and yeasts. Magnification unknown. Protista Protozoa - Amoeba Amoeba are single-celled organisms (protozoa) that feed and move using irregular extensions of the cell cytoplasm known as pseudopods. To move the amoeba extends a pseudopod in the direction it "wishes" to go, anchors it and pulls itself forward by contracting it's cell body. Feeding occurs by phagocytosis. A pseudopodium flows out, engulfs a small organism such as an alga and is then reabsorbed into the cell body, where it is digested by enzymes within a digestive vacuole. Magnification x17000 @ 10 cm. Protista Protozoa - Euglena This freshwater single-celled organism can either obtain energy from sunlight, via photosynthesis, or by absorbing chemicals from its surroundings. It is also, like many protozoa, an active swimmer, moving rapidly by beating its long, whip-like flagellum. Magnification x2200 @ 10 cm. Protista Green Algae Chlamydomonas are single-celled organisms are aquatic, living in freshwater habitats. They use their two, tail- like flagella for swimming. These algae are also photosynthetic; they contain two types of the pigment chlorophyll, which they use to capture sunlight energy for the manufacture of sugars. Magnification x900 @ 10 cm. Protista Diatoms Diatoms are single-celled photosynthetic algae, of which there are about 100,000 species, forming an important part of the plankton at the base of the marine and freshwater food chains. They have mineralized cell walls that contain pure silica coated with a layer of organic material. Magnification x200 @ 10 cm. Eukaryotes | Multicellular | With cell wall | Don’t perform photosynthesis FUNGI Fungi Mould - Penicillium Magnification x375 @ 10 cm. It produces penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria inside the body. Moulds grow in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. Since fungi use decaying organic matter to grow fungi are also called as saphrophytes. Mould bread Penicillium is a common fungus to infect bread, producing mould of this colour. Fungi Mould - Aspergillus Magnification x350 @ 10 cm. Aspergillus produces toxins that lead to food contamination. This species may also cause aspergillosis, a hypersensitive lung reaction in asthmatics and those with lowered resistance, provoked by repeated inhalation of the spores. Aspergillus grows in household dust, soil, and decaying vegetable matter, including stale food. Spores about to be released in the air. Network of vegetative filaments called hyphae. Mould on nectarines Color of mould depends on the nature of the substrate & on the species of fungus; green for Penicillium, blue, green or yellow for Aspergillus. Fungi Yeast Yeasts are unicellular eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the kingdom Fungi, with 1,500 species currently described estimated to be only 1% of all fungal species. Yeast is commonly used in fermenting of alcoholic beverages and baking. have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells, and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. Magnification x3500 @ 10 cm. Fungi Mushroom A mushroom is the fleshy, sporebearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source. Like all fungi, mushrooms are not plants and do not undergo photosynthesis. Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. This phenomenon is the source of several common expressions in the English language including "to mushroom" or "mushrooming" (expanding rapidly in size or scope) and "to pop up like a mushroom" (to appear unexpectedly and quickly). Fungi Lichen Lichens are symbiotic organisms formed of a fungus and an alga that mutually benefit one another. The alga is contained within the hyphae (filaments) of the fungus which protects it from harsh conditions, and in particular from desiccation. The alga supplies the fungus with nutrients that it makes by photosynthesis. Eukaryotes | Multicellular | With cell wall | Perform photosynthesis PLANTAE Plantae Thallophyta Nondifferentiated plant body Embryophyta Differentiated plant body Bryophyta Non-vascular plants Tracheophyta Vascular Plants Petridophyta Do not produce seeds Spermatophyta Seed plants Angiosperms Seed inside fruits Gymnosperms Naked seeds Monocots Dicots thallus = green shoot or twig Thallophyta Spirogyra are filamentous green algae found in freshwater Cladophora and Sea Lettuce (Ulva lactuca) Common stonewort (Chara vulgaris) Three species of edible seaweed Ulva, Palmaria and Laminaria (devil's apron) Predominantly aquatic plants | Autotrophic Simple thread like bodies with non-differentiated root, stem and leaves bryon = moss in Latin Bryophyta Moss Small plants that lack true roots, woody tissue and flowers. Grow in damp places. Moss on walls Marchantia Liverwort Funaria Riccia Bryophyta are amphibians of the plant kingdom They lack vascular tissues | Have root like structures called rhizoids pteri = fern in Greek Pteridophyta Fern Lycopodium ground pine Marsilea Multicellular | Have vascular tissues Reproduce asexually by spores and sexually by forming gametes gymno = naked | sperm = seed Gymnosperms Pine Cycas Deodar Spruce Perennial | Evergreen | Woody angio = covered| sperm = seed Angiosperms The flowering plants are the most diverse group of land plants. Eukaryotes | Multicellular | No cell wall | Hetertropic ANIMALIA Animalia Besides the animals Parazoa Porifera Radiata Eumetazoa Body symmetry Coelenterata Mollusca No segmentation Platyhelminthes No coelom Protostome Bilateria Well after animals Nematoda Pseudocoelom Annelida Segmentation Arthropoda Joint legs Coelomate Echinodermata No notochord Deutrostome Protochordata Rudimentary notochord coelom = cavity within the body Vertebrata Have vertebral column Pisces Amphibia Reptilla Aves notochord = flexible, rod-shaped supporting structure Mammalia porifera = pore bearer in Latin Porifera Spongilla Sycon Non-motile, attached to a solid support Have pores all over the body which helps in circulating water to bring food and oxygen Very minimal differentiation and division in to tissues Ostia = Pores Osculum = Large opening at free end Spicules = Tiny spike like structure koilos = full bellied Coelenterata Jelly fish Hydra Sea anemone Corals They have radial symmetry Simple tissue organization Body is made of two layers of cells – diploblastic Stay in colonies platy = flat in Greek Platyhelminthes Tape worm Planaria Tapeworms have no specialized digestive system but feed on the half- digested food in the intestines by direct absorption through their entire skin surface. Tapeworms can cause diarrhoea, weight loss and abdominal discomfort. Non-parasitic flat worm that lives in lakes, streams, ponds, and other freshwater bodies. Livefluke Liver flukes are parasitic flatworms that live in the bile duct of various mammals. They cause a disease known as fasciolosis and can cause great economic losses in the sheep and cattle industry. They have bilateral symmetry and flat body structure They have three layers of cells – triploblastic No true body cavity (coelom) Nematoda Ascaris (Roundworm) These parasites infect mammals, including humans, pigs, dogs and rats. Infection follows the consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Hookworm The hookworm is a parasitic nematode that lives in the small intestine of its host, which may be a mammal such as a dog, cat, or human. Pinworm / Threadworm The pinworm also known as threadworm is a common human intestinal parasite, especially in children. They have bilateral symmetry and round body structure They have three layers of cells – triploblastic They have a pseudocoelom Generally parasitic disease causing worms anellus = little ring in Latin Annelida Leech Leech is a parasite has two suckers, one at each end of its body, that it uses to attach itself to the skin of its victim whilst it drinks their blood. Earthworm The earthworms diet mainly consists of organic substances in the soil, and its movement helps to break up the soil and improve its aeration. Neresis (Sandworm) Sandworms are marine annelid worms that burrow in wet sand and mud using parapodia (un-joint limb-like outgrowths) and setae (bristles) for locomotion. They have bilateral symmetry and segmented body structure Reproduce sexually but sexes are not separate – hermaphrodite They have three layers of cells – triploblastic Have true coelom árthron = joint and podós = foot Arthropoda Probably the largest group of animals They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic Body is externally segmented and protected with chitinous exoskeleton Sexes are separate Coelom is filled with blood molluscus = soft in Greek Mollusca Snail Octopus Mussels They have bilateral symmetry and soft body that is generally covered with a shell Open circulatory system and kidney like organs for excretion skin like hedgehog in Greek Echinodermata Starfish Sea urchin Sea cucumber They are free living marine animals They have tough spiny exoskeleton made up of calcium carbonate They show radial symmetry Protochordata Balanoglossus Marine or burrowing animals with soft, unsegmented, triploblastic body They posses notochord only in embryonic stage Vertebrata Pisces (Fish) • Aquatic animals • Exoskeleton of scales | Endoskeleton of bone /cartilage • Breathe through gills Amphibia • Gills in larvae and lungs in most adults with slimy skin • Lay their eggs in water (oviparous) • Have three chambered heart Reptilia • Exoskeleton of scales • Lay eggs outside water (oviparous) • Cold blooded mostly terrestrial animals Aves (Bird) • Exoskeleton of feathers | Lay eggs outside water (oviparous) • Two forelimbs are modified for flight • Have four chambered heart Mammalia • Exoskeleton of hair • External ears • Give birth to live young babies (Mostly viviparous)
