Download Plant and animal cells - Cellular

Cell Theory
BZ 62 Levels of Organisation
Structural organization in multicellular
organisms is hierarchical, with new
properties arising at each higher level of
complexity.
BZ 29 The Cell Theory
The cell is the basic unit of life.
1.
All living things are composed of cells and cell
products.
2.
New cells come from the division of pre-existing cells
3.
Cells contain genetic information that is transmitted
to inform, growth, function and development.
4.
All life sustaining chemical reactions take place inside
the cell.
BZ 29 Ans
Generalized cell diagrams
BZ 30 Types of living things
Living things include:
1. Prokaryotes - bacteria.
2.
•
Lack membrane bound organelles (no nucleus)
•
Circular chromosome
•
Size 0.5 – 10 um
Eukaryotes – protists, fungi, plants and animals.
•
Membrane bound organelles – (nucleus, mitochondria etc)
•
Linear chromosomes
•
Size 30 – 150 um
Non-living things
1. Viruses
•
Non-cellular, no cytoplasm, no chromosome
•
Size 20-20 nm
BZ 30 Types of living things

Archaea - These microbes are Prokaryotes, meaning that they
have no cell nucleus or any other membranebound organelles in their cells, but are different to Bacteria

Bacteria – are also Prokaryotes were among the first life forms
to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats.

Eukaryotes - is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and
other organelles enclosed within membranes.
BZ 30 Types of living things

Living organisms are divided into five kingdoms:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Prokaryotae,

Characteristics of living things - Living things are made of cells,
obtain and use energy, grow and develop, reproduce, respond to
their environment, adapt to their environment.

Prokaryotae
(Monera) - Unicellular and Microscopic. Nonmembrane bound (no nuclear membrane, no ER, no
mitochondria). Cell wall made of murein. Examples: Bacteria,
Cyanobacteria.
BZ 30 Types of living things

Protista - Unicellular (mainly) Many live in aquatic
environments. Includes organisms that aren't animals, plants or
fungi that don’t form tissues. Examples: Algae, slime molds and the
malaria causing Plasmodium.

Fungi - Multicellular, Cell wall made of chitin. Don't possess
photosynthetic pigments and are therefore heterotrophic.
Examples: Mushroom, Mold, Puffball
BZ 30 Types of living things

Plantae
- Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Cell wall made of
cellulose. Contain photosynthetic pigment and gain their energy
through it and are therefore autotrophic.

Animalia - Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Heterotrophic. Can split into
two groups, vertebrates and invertebrates.

Viruses (not living) - Acellular structures composed of nucleic
acid enclosed by a protein coat. Not classified as living.
BZ 30 Ans
BZ 31 Types of cells
Cells come in a wide range of shapes and sizes – each cell is
adapted for a specific role.
Generalized cell diagrams
BZ 31 Ans
Cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts and permanent large vacuoles
BZ 33 Cell sizes
Cells vary in sizes from (2-100 um) with
Prokaryotic cells being approximately 10x
smaller than Eukaryotes.
BZ 33 Ans
BZ 35 Optical Microscopes
Optical microscopes use light focused through a series of
lens to magnify objects up to several hundred times.
BZ 35 Ans
BZ 35 Ans
BZ 36 Microscopy Techniques
Correct sample preparation and use of the
appropriate stain help to view the material under the
microscope.
Biozone Activity – 35
Magnification is calculated by multiplying
the magnification of the objective lens with
the magnification of the ocular lens. The
magnification of microscope lenses is engraved on
the lens casing.
Example, if you used a 20X eyepiece with a 20X
objective lens = 400 Magnification
What would be the magnification if you used a 10X
eyepiece with a 40X objective lens?
Calculating Magnification of Microscopes - BBC Bitesize
View the next slide on comparison of animal and plant diagram
BZ 37 Calculating linear magnification
Magnification is how much larger an object
appears compared to its actual size. It can
be calculated from the ratio of image height
to object height.
BZ 37 Ans
BZ 40 Animal cells

Animal cells are eukaryotic.
1.
Plasma membrane – flexible barrier
2.
Cytoplasm – cellular fluid
3.
Nucleus – genetic material
4.
Mitochondria – energy production
5.
Golgi apparatus – protein packaging and transport
6.
Smooth ER – hormone synthesis
7.
Rough ER – protein synthesis
8.
Lysosomes - enzymes
BZ 42 Plant cells

Plant cells are eukaryotic but have extra features not
found in animal cells.
1.
Cell wall – made of cellulose
2.
Chloroplasts – photosynthesis
3.
Starch granules – stored in plastids (unique to plants)
4.
Large Vacuoles – storage, waste disposal and growth