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Virtual Lab 5:
Ecosystem simulator
Read the Overview and launch this ecolosystem simulator. Familiarize yourself
with the simulator interface. Notice that you can control which species are present in your
environment initially and what the diets of each species are. The types of species possible
in the program are Plants (A,B,C), Herbivores (A,B,C), Omnivores (A,B) and one top
Predator. You can control the diet of each by indicating what they feed on. By setting up
different starting configurations you can investigate the evolution of this simulated
ecological system.
A. In a couple of sentences describe what happens when you start with only two
(A&B) and then all three plant species present.
When only A & B plant species are there and we run the stimulator, the
population of Plant a increases and becomes maximum and that of plant B
decreases to 0. As the time passes by, species of A decreases and that of B
increases such that in long run we have equal distribution of Species A & B.
When we run the simulator with all the three plant species, The consequence
of Plant A & B is same but there is no plant of type C.
In this case there are only producers. They harness the sun energy and grow.
The favourable ones boom and the others are overshadowed in the process.
B. Describe how many herbivores and omnivores you added (and what they eat) in order
to create an ecosystem in which all three plant species can coexist. (if you cannot
accomplish the survival of Plant C describe your best configuration. Describe your
ecologies by identifying the species present and their diet, for instance:
Omnivore A eats Herbivore A, Herbivore A eats plant A and plant B, Herbivore B eats
plant A, All plants present.
All the three varieties of plant A, B & C co-exists when we add Herbivore A, B, & C
Herbivore A eats Plant A & C, Herbivore B eats Plant A & B and Herbivore C Eats
Plant B & C.
Omnivore A eats Herbivore A & B and Omnivore B eats Herbivore B & C
Top Predator eats both Omnivore A & B. In this ecosystem all the varieties have a
co-existence.
C. If you can accomplish part B, see if you can get all of the species to coexist. (limit
your time on this entire experiment to 90 minutes)
D. If we assume that this simulation is a reasonable oversimplification of a typical
ecosystems food web what does it tell us about biodiversity and ecology- are they robust
or fragile? In general is an ecosystem’s biodiversity preserved as it responds to change?
Virtual Lab 6: Evolution: Sex and the Single Guppy
This simulation follows a set of real life experiments in evolution and natural
selection. Familiarize yourself with the interface, guppies, guppy predators, and the
experiment. Use an "even mix" of the different guppy color types to start. Run three
experiments one with each of the combination of predators. Each experiment should run
for five or more generations. Type your solutions in bold face text.
• State the percentage that each color type makes up in your guppy population both
before and after you have let five generations pass. With each experiment state a
conclusion that is consistent with your observation.
1. Rivulus only
131 guppies
2. Rivulus and Acara
3. Rivulus, Acara and Cichlids.
• What two selection pressures are operative?
Virtual Lab 7:
Anatomy and Dissections
A. Dissections
1. Earthworm
A. Identify items 1 & 2 on the external dorsal (back side) surface of the worm.
B. Identify items 3, 4, & 5 on the external ventral (belly side) of surface of the worm.
C. Identify item 2 in the image of the worm’s internal morphology w/o the digestive
tract.
D. Describe sexual reproduction in worms.
2. Fetal Pig
A. Use the Anatomical References guide. To what region of the body does dorsal,
ventral, anterior, and posterior refer to?
B. Investigate the Nervous system. The pig is similar to the human in many ways.
Name four large regions (lobes) of the brain and indicate where they are located
and what functions they have in humans.
B.
Comparative Hominid Anatomy
• Compare the the skull casts of a chimp, Australopithicus, Homo erectus, neanderthal,
and modern Homo sapiens. Be sure to use the lateral view.
• Describe features that are common and different between the cranial structure of these
creatures. What patterns do you see?
• Describe the basic timeline and sequence of evolution for the creatures listed above.
Be explicit.
Virtual Lab 8:
A.
Human Impact
Water footprints
• Describe the water crisis. How is it impacting women and children globally? What
is happening with the Ogalala (be specific)?
Water crisis refers to lack of access to safe water sources. Inadequate drinking
water supply is among the world’s major causes of preventable morbidity and
mortality.
Water related health burdens are borne by women and children who may forego
schooling and childhood in order to transport water from distant sources.
Women and children are also often responsible for the gathering of fuel wood
both for cooking and for boiling the polluted water.
The High Plains stretch northward from West Texas to Wyoming and South
Dakota, and in natural conditions form a dry grassland. There is less than 16
inches of rain a year near the Rockies and in West Texas, but that increases
eastward to 28 inches in central Kansas. The rainfall varies a great deal from
year to year, however. The steady gradient of increasing rain to the eastward,
but varying yearly rainfall, means that the optimal western limit for growing
crops such as corn, rather than grazing cattle, shifts each year. This problem is
made worse because there is hardly any water surplus: evaporation levels are
very close to precipitation levels. Apart from the constraints on farming, this fact
means that there is little recharge of ground water from precipitation: ground
water percolates only very slowly eastward in underground aquifers from the
areas where Rocky Mountain snowmelt recharges them.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) began intensive research on the
Ogallala in 1978. It found that the Ogallala had discharged perhaps 3 maf/yr
into springs and rivers before development: this, then, would be a sustainable
yield from the aquifer as it used to be, compared with the 1980 pumping rate of
18 maf/yr.
• Describe what the water footprint is and how it is estimated.
The water footprint of an individual, community or business is defined as the
total volume of freshwater used to produce the goods and services consumed by
the individual or community or produced by the business. Water use is
measured in water volume consumed (evaporated) and/or polluted per unit of
time.
A water footprint can be calculated for any well-defined group of consumers
(e.g., an individual, family, village, city, province, state or nation) or producers
(e.g., a public organization, private enterprise or economic sector). The water
footprint is a geographically explicit indicator, not only showing volumes of
water use and pollution, but also the locations. However, the water footprint
does not provide information on how the embedded water negatively or
positively affects local water resources, ecosystems and livelihoods.
• Report the two or more estimates of your water footprint (and the calculator(s)
that you used).
http://www.gracelinks.org/1408/water-footprint-calculator
• Describe three ways that you (or your society) could reduce your water footprint.
We can use public transport, or pooled vehicles for going to office , we can
decrease the use of gasoline
We should not waste potable water. We can store rain water and use for
watering our plants.
B.
Carbon footprints
• Describe what has happened to atmospheric CO2 over the last 100,000 years and
how this is thought to be impacting the climate.
Over the last 100,000 CO2 content has been increasing due to excessive use of
fuel, human population, large scale deforestation
In the distant past (prior to about 10,000 years ago), CO2 levels tended to track
the glacial cycles. During warm ‘interglacial’ periods, CO2 levels have been
higher. During cool ‘glacial’ periods, CO2 levels have been lower. This is because
the heating or cooling of Earth’s surface can cause changes in greenhouse gas
concentrations.
• Describe what the carbon footprint is and how it is estimated.
Carbon footprint is a shorthand to describe the best estimate that we can get of
the full climate change impact of something. That something could be anything –
an activity, an item, a lifestyle, a company, a country or even the whole world.
An individual's, nation's, or organisation's carbon footprint can be measured by
undertaking a GHG emissions assessment or other calculative activities denoted
as carbon accounting.
• Report two or more estimates of your carbon footprint (and the calculator(s) that
you used).
http://www.carbonfootprintofnations.com/content/calculator_of_carbon_footprint_for
_nations/
• Describe two ways that you (or your society) could reduce your carbon footprint.
One of the most popular ways utilizes trees in a process called Carbon
Sequestration. Trees naturally absorb CO2 and release oxygen back into the
environment. You only need to know how many trees it takes to offset your
Carbon Footprint. Every tree is different and absorb these emissions at
different rates depending on type and age.
The most common way to reduce the carbon footprint of humans is to Reduce,
Reuse, Recycle. In manufacturing this can be done by recycling the packing
materials, by selling the obsolete inventory of one industry to the industry who is
looking to buy unused items at lesser price to become competetive. Nothing
should be disposed off into the soil, all the ferrous materials which are prone to
degrade or oxidise with time should be sold as early as possible at reduced price.
• Describe two ways that you would advocate we adapt society-wide in order to
reduce our national carbon footprint. Be explcit.
The national carbon footprints can be reduced by reducing our energy
consumption. We should use less of Air conditioning and warming systems.
We should use less fuel and try to save water consumption. We should go in for
public transport system and use cycles for transportation to nearby areas.
We should recycle material like newspaper use recycled paper. We should
recycle rain water and use it for gardens.