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מינרבה مينرفا Μινέρβα ミネルバ天使 Minerva This article is about the Roman goddess. For other uses, see Minerva (disambiguation). Minerva (Etruscan: Menrva) was the Roman goddess of wisdom and sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy. She was born with weapons from the godhead of Jupiter.[1] From the 2nd century BC onwards, the Romans equated her with the Greek goddess Athena.[2] She was the virgin goddess of music, poetry, medicine, wisdom, commerce, weaving, crafts, and magic.[3] She is often depicted with her sacred creature, an owl usually named as the "owl of Minerva",[4] which symbolizes that she is connected to wisdom. 1 Raised-relief image of Minerva on a Roman gilt silver bowl, 1st century BC Etruscan Menrva Main article: Menrva Stemming from an Italic moon goddess *Meneswā ('She who measures’), the Etruscans adopted the inherited Old Latin name, *Menerwā, thereby calling her Menrva. It is assumed that her Roman name, Minerva, is based on this Etruscan mythology, Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, war, art, schools and commerce. She was the Etruscan counterpart to Greek Athena. Like Athena, Minerva was born from the head of her father, Jupiter (Greek Zeus). By a process of folk etymology, the Romans could have linked her foreign name to the root men- in Latin words such as mens meaning “mind”, perhaps because one of her aspects as goddess pertained to the intellectual. The word mens is built from the Proto-Indo-European root *men- 'mind' (linked with memory as in Greek Mnemosyne/μνημοσύνη and mnestis/μνῆστις: memory, remembrance, recollection, manush in Sanskrit meaning mind). 2 Temple of Minerva in Sbeitla, Tunisia In Fasti III, Ovid called her the “goddess of a thousand works”. Minerva was worshiped throughout Italy, and when she eventually became equated with the Greek goddess Athena, she also became a goddess of war, although in Rome her warlike nature was less emphasized.[7] Her worship was also taken out to the empire — in Britain, for example, she was conflated with the local wisdom goddess Sulis. Worship in Rome The Romans celebrated her festival from March 19 to Minerva was part of a holy triad with Tinia and Uni, March 23 during the day which is called, in the neuter equivalent to the Roman Capitoline Triad of Jupiter- plural, Quinquatria, the fifth after the Ides of March, the Juno-Minerva. Minerva was the daughter of Jupiter. nineteenth, an artisans' holiday . A lesser version, the As Minerva Medica, she was the goddess of medicine Minusculae Quinquatria, was held on the Ides of June, and doctors. As Minerva Achaea, she was worshipped June 13, by the flute-players, who were particularly useat Luceria in Apulia where votive gifts and arms said to ful to religion. In 207 BC, a guild of poets and actors was be those of Diomedes were preserved in her temple.[5][6] formed to meet and make votive offerings at the temple 1 2 5 PUBLIC MONUMENTS, PLACES AND MODERN CULTURE Minerva and owl (right) depicted on Confederate currency (1861). tle legacy other than a few interesting Hellenic style “Temples” in parks around Guatemala. A head of “Sulis-Minerva” found in the ruins of the Roman baths in Bath of Minerva on the Aventine Hill. Among others, its members included Livius Andronicus. The Aventine sanctuary of Minerva continued to be an important center of the arts for much of the middle Roman Republic. Minerva was worshipped on the Capitoline Hill as one of the Capitoline Triad along with Jupiter and Juno, at the Temple of Minerva Medica, and at the "Delubrum Minervae” a temple founded around 50 BC by Pompey on the site now occupied by the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva facing the present-day Piazza della Minerva. 3 Universities and educational establishments Main article: Minerva in the emblems of educational establishments As patron goddess of wisdom, Minerva frequently features in statuary, as an image on seals, and in other forms, at educational establishments. 4 • According to John Robison’s Proofs of a Conspiracy (1798), the third degree of the Bavarian Illuminati was called Minerval or Brother of Minerva, in honour of the goddess of learning. Later, this title was adopted for the first initiation of Aleister Crowley's OTO rituals. • Minerva is displayed on the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. • Minerva is featured in the logo of the Max Planck Society. • Minerva alongside Mars is displayed on the cap badge of the Artists Rifles Territorial SAS Regiment of the British Army. • Kingston Upon Hulls oldest Masonic Lodge is named The Minerva Lodge. • Minerva is the patron goddess of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and Delta Sigma Theta Sorority. • Minerva is featured on the Union College seal. The college motto is “We all become brothers under the laws of Minerva.” • Minerva is an Institute for training for SSB Interviews and written examinations like NDA, CDS .It is situated in Sector 120,Mohali,Punjab.It is the first and oldest Armed Forces Preparatory Institute in India and established in 1955. Use by societies and governments 5 Public monuments, places and modern culture • The Seal of California depicts the Goddess Minerva. Her having been born fully-grown symbolizes California having become a state without first being a territory.[8] • A small Roman shrine to Minerva (the only one still in situ in the UK) stands in Handbridge, Chester. It sits in a public park, overlooking the River Dee. • In the early 20th century, Manuel José Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala, tried to promote a “Worship of Minerva” in his country; this left lit- • The Minerva Roundabout in Guadalajara, Mexico, located at the crossing of the López Mateos, Vallarta, López Cotilla, Agustín Yáñez and Golfo de 3 Cortez avenues, features the goddess standing on a pedestal, surrounded by a large fountain, with an inscription which says “Justice, wisdom and strength guard this loyal city”. • A bronze statue of Minerva lies in monument square Portland, Maine. “Our Lady of Victories Monument” dedicated 1891, Richard Morris Hunt and Franklin Simmons. • A sculpture of Minerva by Andy Scott, known as the Briggate Minerva, stands outside Trinity Leeds shopping centre. • Minerva is displayed as a statue in Pavia, Italy, near the train station, and is considered as an important landmark in the city. [7] http://www.ancient.eu.com/Minerva/ [8] http://www.sos.ca.gov/digsig/greatseal.htm Sources • Origins of English History see Chapter Ten. • Romans in Britain - Roman religion and beliefs see The Roman gods. • Old Norse Myths, Literature and Society • This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1870). "article name needed ". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. • Minerva is the name of a supercomputer at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York See page 1090 City. • On the summit of the dome of Liverpool Town Hall in England is a statue, representing Minerva. It is 10 feet (3 m) high and was designed by John Charles Felix Rossi. The present Liverpool Town Hall containing the statue was begun in 1749. • Minerva is a reoccurring character in the Assassins Creed franchise as a guide to Desmond and later an antagonist. 6 See also • Celtic mythology • Second French Empire • Sulis 7 References and sources References [1] Encarta World English Dictionary 1998-2004 Microsoft Corporation. [2] Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia, The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. [3] Candau, Francisco J. Cevallos (1994). Coded Encounters: Writing, Gender, and Ethnicity in Colonial Latin America. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 215. ISBN 0-87023-886-8. [4] Philosophy of Right (1820), “Preface” [5] Aristotle Mirab. Narrat. 117 [6] Schmitz, Leonhard (1867). “Achaea (2)". In Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1. Boston. p. 8. 8 External links • Roman Mythology 4 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES 9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses 9.1 Text • Minerva Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva?oldid=636589017 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Andre Engels, Tucci528, Olivier, Infrogmation, Michael Hardy, Gabbe, Looxix, Angela, Raven in Orbit, SaveThePoint, Furrykef, VeryVerily, Head, Renato Caniatti, Wetman, Robbot, Wereon, Mushroom, Gtrmp, Netartnet, Eequor, AaronW, Bacchiad, Gdr, LiDaobing, Slowking Man, The Singing Badger, Andux, Karl-Henner, Chmod007, Moverton, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Vague Rant, Randee15, Vsmith, Silence, Smyth, Aranel, QuartierLatin1968, Aude, Bobo192, HiddenInPlainSight, Smalljim, Man vyi, Haham hanuka, Foeke, Hu, Vengeful Cynic, Dave.Dunford, Redvers, Ttownfeen, Woohookitty, ScottDavis, Timo Laine, Tripodics, MONGO, Essjay, Jwoodger, Chris Weimer, BD2412, Dpv, Саша Стефановић, Biederman, FlaBot, Naraht, Margosbot, 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