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ANCIENT
EGYPT
Spolufinancováno ESF a státním rozpočtem ČR,
reg. č. projektu CZ.1.07/1.1.00/14.0143 OPVK
THE NILE
• without the river – no empire!
Herodotus: ″Egypt was the gift of the Nile″
• fertile area – regular floodings
• people could live only along the river
(c. 1,000 km long and 10 to 20 km wide strip)
• growing crops (grain, vegetables…)
- mainly in the north
(the Delta, the Faiyum Oasis)
CHRONOLOGY
• Ancient Egypt – over 3,000 years – very long period
• most common ways of dating
– dynasties (30 Egyptian dynasties, Egypt under
Macedonian, Roman rule)
- periods (kingdoms and intermediate periods)
CHRONOLOGY
• Predynastic Period (before 3000 BC)
• Early Dynastic Period (c. 3000 – 2575 BC) – 1st to 3rd dynasty
• Old Kingdom (2575 – 2134 BC) - 4th to 8th dynasty
• First Intermediate Period (2134 – 2040) – 9th to 11th dynasty
• Middle Kingdom (2040 – 1640 BC) – 11th to 14th dynasty
• Second Intermediate Period (1640 – 1532 BC) - 15th to 17th dynasty
• New Kingdom (1550 – 1070 BC) - 18th to 10th dynasty
• Third Intermediate Period (1070 – 712 BC) - 21th to 25th dynasty
• Late Period (712 – 332 BC) - 25th to 30th dynasty, Persians
• Graeco-Roman Period (332 BC – 395 AD)
Macedonians, Ptolemaic dynasty, Romans
BLANK MAP
1 the Nile Delta
2 the Faiyum Oasis
3 Upper Egypt
1
5
9
10
4
6
3
2
4 Lower Egypt
5 Alexandria
7
6 Memphis / Mennofer
7 Thebes /Waset (Veset)
8 Abu Simbel
9 Giza
10 Sakkara
8
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD
• trade – Mesopotamia, Palestine
• Upper and Lower Egypt – independent kingdoms
EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD
• first dynasties
• c. 3000 BC - pharaoh Meni /Menes
– united Upper and Lower Egypt
Deshret – Lower Egypt
No 1
Hedjet – Upper Egypt
Pschent
No 2
No 3
OLD KINGDOM
• Age of Pyramids
No 4
• Memphis (Mennofer) - capital
• famous pharaous:
Djoser – 3rd dynasty
(sometimes dated to Early Dynastic Period)
Sneferu - 4th dynasty
Khufu – 4th dynasty
Khafre – 4th dynasty
Menkaure – 4th dynasty
INTERMEDIATE PERIODS
• crisis - political, economic and social
• foreign invaders, wars, civil wars, territory loss, famine,
poverty, etc.
MIDDLE KINGDOM
• Upper and Lower Egypt reunited
• Thebes (Waset) - new capital
• trade – Phoenicia (Byblos, e.g.), Crete, etc.
• Faiyum Oasis – Moeris Lake (used to be freshwater)
12th dynasty pharaohs – built a canal to the Nile to
regulate floodings and keep water for dry periods
NEW KINGDOM
• 18th dynasty:
Thutmose III
Amenhotep IV – Akhenaten
Nefertiti
Tutankhamun
• 19th dynasty:
Ramese II
• Valleys of the Kings – royal burial site
EGYTPIAN CIVILIZATION
• society - hierarchy
(pharaoh, viziers, nobles, priests, scribes, soldiers,
crafstmen, farmers, slaves)
• agriculture
linen,
- grain (wheat, barley, millet), flax →
fruit, vegetables, vine
- sheep, goat, cattle
- fishing (the Nile)
• trade – south (Nubia)
east (Phoenicia, Palestine, Mesopotamia)
EGYTPIAN CIVILIZATION
• religion and mythology:
afterlife
polytheism
(god + animal head)
gods and goddesses
Osiris
Anubis
Horus
Isis
No 6
No 5
EGYTPIAN CIVILIZATION
• mummification - embalmed bodies - burial custom
- to preserve body for the afterlife
(Books of the Dead)
- canopic jars
(stomach, lungs, liver, intestines)
- coffin,
shrine, sarcophagus
- animals: cats, falcons, cattle…
why?
No 7
EGYTPIAN CIVILIZATION
• writing system - hieroglyphic script
- hieratic
- demotic
- papyrus
ROSETTA STONE
- 2nd century BC (Ptolemaic
dynasty)
- 1799 – discovered in Rosetta (the Nile Delta)
- text in three forms: hieroglyphic,
demotic and Greek
→ Egyptian hieroglyphs deciphered
(Jean-François Champollion)
No 8
EGYTPIAN CIVILIZATION
• visual art – wall painting, sculpture
- linear perspective
• architecture
- mastaba, pyramid, tomb, temple,
palace…
- advanced:
mathematics, geometry, astronomy…
• trade, teritory expansion – geography
• mummification - medicine
Zdroje
No 1 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Deshret.svg/100px-Deshret.svg.png
No 2: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hedjet.svg/220px-Hedjet.svg.png
No 3: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Double_crown.svg/220pxDouble_crown.svg.png
No 4: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/800pxAll_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg
No 5: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/La_Tombe_de_Horemheb_cropped.jpg
No 6:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1360_v._Chr._00
1.jpg/800px-%C3%84gyptischer_Maler_um_1360_v._Chr._001.jpg
No 7: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mummy_in_Vatican_Museums.jpg/300pxMummy_in_Vatican_Museums.jpg
No 8: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Rosetta_Stone.JPG/512px-Rosetta_Stone.JPG
Baines, J., Málek, J.: Svět starého Egypta. Knižní klub, Praha 1996.
Čornej, P.: Dějepis 1 pro gymnázia a střední školy. Pravěk a starověk. SPN, Praha 2009.
Hilgemann, W., Kinder, H.: Encyklopedický atlas světových dějin, NLN, Praha 2000.
Reeves, N.: Starověký Egypt. Kronika velkých objevů. Academia, Praha 2006.