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RECONSTRUCTION REUNITING A NATION IMPACT OF RECONSTRUCTION ON GEORGIA • Reconstruction in Georgia was a time of major change in the state following the devastation of the Civil War. • era lasted for a relatively short period of time (1865-1872) • After the Civil War, much of Georgia was decimated after Sherman’s March and four years of fighting. • Over 40,000 Georgians had been killed or wounded and many had lost their land entirely. • Due to the damage inflicted the United States attempted to reconstruct the South and used three different plans from 1865-1871 to do so. What is Reconstruction? - The period of time from the end of the Civil War until Southern States rejoined the Union. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION LINCOLN’S PLAN (1865-1866) • Lincoln’s plan sought to help the South re-enter the Union quickly to heal the wounds of the war. • President Lincoln’s plan to allow Southern states back into the Union was simple: 1. All southerners, except for high-ranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned after taking an oath of allegiance to the United States 2. His plan allowed the South readmission in into the Union if 10% of the population swore an oath of allegiance to the United States. 3. required to ratify the 13th amendment, which officially ended slavery in the United States. LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION • On April 14, 1865 Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, an actor who was a Southern sympathizer. • Lincoln was shot in the back of the head in his theater box while watching a play. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION JOHNSON’S PLAN (1865-1866) • President Johnson, was from the South, therefore he was extremely lenient with the southern states. • His plan was very similar to Lincoln’s, except he extended the group not granted general pardons EXCEPT (add in) to those who owned property worth more than $20,000. • LARGE PLANTATION OWNERS ---- add in your notes!! • Trouble began brewing again between the southern states and the Republican controlled Congress when several former confederate leaders were elected back into the fold. • In Georgia, former Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens was elected as a Senator • “Radical Republicans,” (Northern Senators ) who favored harsher punishments for the South, refused to seat former Confederate leaders in the Senate • Radical Republicans were appalled at the South’s treatment of the freedmen under laws that were called Black Codes. Compare and Contrast Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction to Johnson’s. What are the similarities and differences between the two. Why do you think Lincoln was so concerned with healing the wounds of the war so quickly? Why did he not seek to punish the South for seceding and starting the conflict? Suppose you were fighting on the side of the Union during the Civil War. You lost brothers and close friends to the war. How do you feel about Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction? Is it too soft on the Southerners? Explain your reasoning. Create your own plan for Reconstruction that the South might agree to, but is not too lenient (soft) on the South which would outrage Northerners. 13TH AMENDMENT (1865) • A Constitutional Amendment that officially ended slavery 14TH AMENDMENT (1868) • A Constitutional Amendment that granted citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” which included former slaves recently freed. • Equal protection under the Constitution for all citizens. 15TH AMENDMENT (1870) • A Constitutional Amendment that prohibits states from denying voting rights to citizens based on race, color or previous condition of servitude. • Allowed black males the right to vote (suffrage) and to serve in public offices in government. (add in notes) Rec. Amendments Video Rank the 3 Reconstruction Amendments in the order of significance. Defend why you ranked each Amendment where you did. Suppose you were a member of Congress during the Reconstruction time period. How would you ensure that state’s were following federal law and protecting the rights of freedmen? Why do you think that the 14th Create your own Constitutional Amendment is arguably the most Amendment that would ensure that important Constitutional Amendment Southern states were recognizing the we have? Defend its significance rights of freedmen. and impact in America today. BLACK CODES • Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War; under these laws, blacks were disenfranchised (not allowed to vote), testify against whites in court, and could not serve as jurors. • These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling ADD IN YOUR NOTES: them to work in a labor - Limited the types of jobs newly freed economy based on low slaves could have wages or debt. - Could be put into prison if they didn’t have jobs AFRICAN AMERICANS IN POLITICS • In 1867, Henry McNeal Turner and a few other black men were elected to the Georgia House of Representatives (fix this) representing Macon. • They were kicked out in 1868 on the grounds that the Constitution gave blacks the right to vote, but not hold office. KU KLUX KLAN (KKK) • An organization designed to limit African Americans from exercising their rights. • Members dressed in white robes and hoods so no one would recognize them. • Terrorized and intimidated blacks from voting • Several reports of beatings, whippings and murders that often went unpunished. CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION (1866-1867) • Congress passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This act lumped the South into five military districts with Georgia, Alabama, and Florida making up the third district. Under Military Reconstruction General John Pope served as the third district’s 1st military governor. • During this period, Georgia held another constitutional convention, this time in Atlanta. During this convention, Georgia created a new constitution that included a provision for black voting, public schools, and moving the capital to Atlanta. • After this convention, Republican Rufus Bullock was elected Governor and the Republican controlled General Assembly began its session. However, the military continued to be a presence in the state due to the continued actions of the KKK and Georgia’s refusal to pass the 15th amendment which gave African-American men the right to vote. • Georgia was finally readmitted into the Union in 1870 when reinstated Republican and black legislators voted for the passage of the 15th amendment. However, by 1872 southern Democrats called the “redeemers” were voted back into office and took control of the Governorship and General Assembly. SHARECROPPER VS TENANT FARMER • Most African Americans in the South were forced to work as sharecroppers or laborers, for jobs were not all open to them. • Tenant Farmer: Brought “something to the table” ie, tools, plow, mules, seed, fertilizer and, of course, his labor (could sell all of their crops for a profit) • Sharecropper: Brought only his labor to the “table” • Land-owners always had the upper hand. Perhaps for the first time since colonization, there was a lot of labor for the land as opposed to a shortage of labor (had to give % of crops to landowner) TYPICAL SHARECROPPING “CONTRACT” • After the harvest, sharecropper would go to the land-owner to settle debt • Land owners charged sharecroppers for “furnish”, ie, food, clothes, seed, etc. • Given the social structure, black (and poor white) sharecroppers were in no position to challenge the while land-owners record keeping or figures • Blacks were taken advantage of by the white land owners who could barely read or write Land is rented by farmer who pledges a certain % of the crops to the landowner at harvest. Compare and Contrast the life of a sharecropper to that of a tenant farmer. Who had more advantages to be successful? Why? Why did little change for African Americans under the sharecropping system compared to the life they lived as slaves? What do you think would have been a fair settlement for you and your family as repayment for having your rights denied to you as a slave? Remember it has to be reasonable that Southern plantation owners might accept your proposition. Suppose you were a recently freedmen. What would you do for you and your family to try and better your life and provide for your family? Be specific and include a detailed plan on how you would overcome the disadvantages of being a slave to rise to prosperity. Describe what a typical sharecropper life might have looked like. Sketch it! FREEDMAN’S BUREAU • Federal program established to help BOTH former slaves and poor whites • Initially helped with the basics: provided education, training, and social services for newly freed slaves • Over time, focus shifted to: education • 4,000 primary schools • 64 industrial schools (work skills) • 74 teacher training schools WHAT THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU PROVIDED… 1. Food and medical supplies to newly freed slaves 2. Establishment of African American schools with Northern teachers 3. Transportation services to help African Americans travel to and from work