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Welcome to SIEMENS Power Generation TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21-2003.09.09 PG G132 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Timeline Since 1945 contactless governors ( Magnetic-Regulator ) Since 1931 Power and Frequency - Regulation Use of Tube-amplifiers since 1923 Pitch-governor up to 60MVA (1908) Since 1880 Electromechanical Governor already 8 different types, 2 from T.A. Edison Tirill Regler (1905/06) Thury Regler (1889) Centrifugal governor (Watt, 1788) | 1700 | 1800 | 1900 | 2000 First use of a Static Excitation system (1938) Use of Thyristors ( THYRIPOL) (1966) Use of digital Voltage Regulators ( THYRIPOL) 1987 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Excitation Systems for Synchronous Generators Generator Output 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 MVA SIPOL RG3 THYRISIEM® Excitation Systems for Generators with rotating Exciters THYRIPART® THYRIPOL-L® Static Excitation System with Compounding Source THYRIPOL® Static Excitation System Application Range 2003-06-03 Extended Application Range Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 SIPOL - The System Solution for Low Power Output Up to 20 Amps Excitation Current Features and Benefits: • Compact design and easy installation • Short delivery time • Failure monitoring through digital display • Actual value displayed on digital display or as analog value • User-friendly operation • Spare parts support* within 24 hours • Fully digital system stands for lower maintenance • Compatible with generator types of all manufacturers. 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 RG3 - The System Solution for Low/Medium Power Output Up to 130 Amps Excitation Current Features and Benefits: • • • • • • • • • • 2003-06-03 Uninterruptible automatic transfer through diode decoupling via redundant power input facility Redundant manual channel or redundant AVR with separate power converter available through redundant power circuit facility Local and remote control for commissioning and operation Special solution for industrial purposes Profi-BusTM The interfaces can easily be adapted to customer requirements, especially for refurbishment Rotating-diode monitoring Power system stabilizer (PSS) Joint reactive power control Volts per Hertz limiter and stator current limiter Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 THYRISIEM® - The System Solution for Medium/High Power Output Up to 225 Amps Excitation Current Features and Benefits: • Complete redundant structure • Two independent controller channels including manual and automatic mode • Two independent rectifier sections (2 x 100 % concept) • Rectifiers can be replaced during operation of generator • Complete digital controller from real-value detection up to the thyristor firing stage • Complete set of limiters to ensure safe operation even at the limits of the generator • Local operation panel including fault indications • Power system stabilizer (PSS) 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 THYRIPART® - The System Solution for Medium Power Output Up to 1000 Amps Excitation Current Features and Benefits: • Load-dependent: the compound excitation is fed from generator voltage as well as from generator current and supports load steps or short circuits on the generator line side. • Black start capability: during start-up, the internal oscillating circuit delivers a voltage rise and builds up the field from the remanence voltage of the generator. • High availability and reliability: the fundamental excitation is still supplied through passive components (transformer, reactor, capacitor, uncontrolled rectifier) even if the regulator is out of order. • Small voltage gradient: normally the controlled thyristor rectifiers create relatively high voltage gradients dU/dt. The THYRIPART® excitation system uses an uncontrolled rectifier, so the dU/dt is low. The strain on the field windings insulation is then lowered. 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 THYRIPOL® - The System Solution for High Power Output Up to 8000 Amps Excitation Current Features and Benefits: • Power system stabilizer (PSS) • Higher level closed-loop and open-loop controls • Volts per Hertz limiter, stator current limiter • Local operator panel including fault indications • Full redundancy concept possible (e.g. 2 AVRs) • fully controlled thyristor rectifier • fully digital system from actualvalue detection up to firing pulse generation 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 2003-06-03 THYRIPOL up to 2000 A , 1000 V DC Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 2003-06-03 Standard THYRIPOL, 2200 A Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 2003-06-03 THYRIPOL, (n-1) redundant, 3000 A ( Sidi Krir, Egypt) Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 2003-06-03 THYRIPOL, (n-1) redundant, 4000 A (HPP Xingo, Brasil) Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Blockdiagramm according IEEE Synchronous Machine Regulator Exciter Synchronous Machine Power System Excitation System Excitation Control System 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Detailed Blockdiagram Limiters and Control Actual Value and Static Reference AVR Exciter Generator Generator Terminals Power System Stabilizer 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 • • • • • • • • • 2003-06-03 Factory Testing Insulation Test Wiring Test Visual Inspection Parameter Setting and Verification Check of Internal PT and CT Circuits Check I/O Functional Testing by Simulation Test of Chopper Software Test Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Functional Requirements Automatic Voltage Regulator • Better +/- 0.2% Regulation ( System according to Accuracy of PT‘s, typical better 0.5% ) • Range from remanent up to 110% rated Generator Voltage • Excitation Current Regulator • Reference values setting by raise/lower or analog input • Most advanced 32bit Technology 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 • Functional Requirements Modes of Control Automatic Control Mode ( AVR ) Accuracy < +/- 0.2% Terminal Voltage Response Time < 0.03s Smooth Transfer < 0.1% change in Terminal Voltage • 2003-06-03 Manual Control Mode ( ECR ) 20% If 0 ... 110% If nom Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 • Functional Requirements Auxiliary Excitation Control Features Maximum Excitation Limiter (OEL) - with integration mode • Ceiling Current Limiter - undelayed • Minimum Excitation Limiter (UEL) - with integration mode • Volts-Per-Hertz Limiter • Follow-up Control for Manual Mode • Reactive Current Controller • Power System Stabilizer ( Optional ) •Loss of Exciter Diode Protection) 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Fault Analysis Extensive Fault Supervising System For each fault is available: • Fault Number and Description • Fault Value • Fault List • Number of Faults • Fault time • Trace for one event 2003-06-03 In Case of no Fault, the Operation Condition is displayed Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Ceiling Voltage, Ceiling Current If Uf Uf = Output voltage of thyristor rectifier I f = Output current of thyristor rectifier 1 1 = Output current with ceiling operation 2 = Output current without ceiling operation Ifmax IfN I 2 f If0 Time in s U f 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 No-Load Limiter E2 Ed = I1*xd U J1 n 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Overexcitation Limiter 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Stator Current Limiter 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Volts per Hertz Limiter Voltage Order 1 of one Phase E1 = 4,44 *1*w*1*f*10-8 [V] i.e. FLUX is proportional to Ratio Volts/Hertz 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Volts per Hertz Limiter 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Computer Representation of AVR according IEEE 421 VS OEL VT 1 - 1 + sTR KP HV Gate - VREF V*)RSV KFF VS VRMAX VAMAX VA KA VR KB 1 + sTA VH UEL VAMIN VRMIN sKF 1 + sTF1 VVE < VRmin = 0 1 VFE > VFEmax : VAmax 1 VFE < VFE max : VAmax 2 VFE < 0 : VAmin = 0 1 + sTF2 V*)RSV : rectifier supply voltage 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei EfD Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Computer Representation of PSS Brushless Excitation Systems Static Excitation Systems VSmax K_PDG Vs VSmin K1PDG K0PDG VSI 1 S TD_PDG - . 1 S Ti 1PDG . K2PDG 1 S Ti 2PDG . K4PDG K3PDG 1 S Ti 3PDG . 1 Range 2003-06-03 . S Ti 4PDG -200 ... + 199,99 % 6 ... 98304 ms Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Model - Calculation ( i.g. Design of DC Fieldbreaker ) 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Generator Diagramm Active power (active current) D E Max. turbine power C Underexcited Operating Point B A 2003-06-03 Overexcited Reactive power (reactive current) Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei Excitation Systems Solutions TRAINING Three Gorges 2003.08.21 – 2003.09.09 Picture of HPP Three Gorges, China 14x 840 MVA Generators, THYRIPOL Excitation Systems 2003-06-03 Power Generation PG G132/2003-06-03/Rei