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Topic 1:Nutrition
Why is a healthy diet important?
• How do we know how
much energy is in a
nutrient?
• Calories: energy stored
in food
• How many calories
should you eat a day?
Active Teenagers:
Males – 2,500 Calories
Females- 2,200 Calories
Calorie
• A unit used to measure the energy content of food
(nutrients).
• More specifically, a calorie is defined as the
amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree
Celsius.
• The Calorie that is used on nutritional labels is
actually 1000 of these scientific calories.
• In general, the more calories a food product contains,
the more energy it can release.
A: The size of a single serving
& the # of servings in the
container.
B: The total Calories in one
serving of food & how many
Calories from fat.
C: mg & g of nutrients as well as
the percentage of the Daily Value
in one serving.
D: Percentage Daily Value for
Vitamins & minerals.
E: Provides information on
recommended daily nutrient
intake for people who require
2,000 or 2,500 Calories per
day.
G: Lists the ingredients in the
food, from the most abundant
to the least.
Nutrients
• Substances in food that are needed for energy,
growth and repair.
ALL MUST BE
• Carbohydrates
PRESENT IN
• Fats
YOUR DIET !
• Proteins
• Vitamins and Minerals
• Water
Food Pyramid
Fats, oils, and
sweets
Milk, yogurt,
and cheese
Vegetables
60%
10%
30%
Meat, poultry,
and fish
Fruits
Bread and
Grain
Carbohydrates
STORAGE
• Main source of energy
STORAGE
BLOOD
• Ex. Bread, pasta, potatoes, rice
• Digested Carbs = glucose
Fiber: found in fruits, vegetables and
grains is a good source of
ROUGHAGE. Fiber helps intestinal
muscles to keep food and wastes
moving along.
LIVER
Fats (Lipids)
• Energy Source
FAT
• Provides the most energy per gram
• Needed for cell membranes, nervous system,
insulation, and cushions organs.
• Types: Saturated & Unsaturated.
Proteins
• Digested into amino acids.
• Used to make hormones and enzymes. Proteins can
also be used build and repair body parts.
• Ex. Meat, eggs, beans, nuts.
Vitamins and Minerals
• Nutrients the body needs in SMALL amounts.
Vitamins
Vitamin
D that aid in chemical reactions
• Organic
molecules
Coenzymes
• Ex: Vitamin A and Vitamin D
Minerals
• Inorganic
substances
required for the
body to function
normally. Ex: Iron
and calcium
hemoglobin
Water
• The most important of all nutrients
• Why is water the most important nutrient when it has
NO nutritional value and provides NO energy?
• Because all of the body processes
and chemical reactions take place in
water.
Over half of your body weight is water.
Women 50%
Men 60%
Topic: Digestive System
Alimentary Canal – the “tube” digestion takes place in.
1. Four Stages of Food Processing:
Ingestion – the act of eating or drinking.
Digestion – the process of breaking food
down into molecules small enough for the
body to absorb.
Absorption – certain cells take up (absorb)
the small molecules.
Elimination – undigested material passes
out of the body.
2. Digestion
• The process by which food
products are broken down.
• Types:
MECHANICAL:
CHEMICAL:
The physical breakdown Enzymes breakdown food
of food into smaller
into smaller pieces (Ex:
pieces (Ex: chewing)
amino acids)
Chemical Digestion:
Enzymes play a critical role in the digestion (hydrolysis) of nutrients.
3a. Mouth:
• Intake of food through the mouth!
• Both mechanically (teeth and tongue) and chemically
(salivary amylase – an enzyme that breaks down
starch) digestion occurs.)
• Then the food mixes with saliva and travels down
through the esophagus.
3b. Esophagus
Long muscular tube that connects the stomach to the pharynx
(upper portion of the throat).
No Digestion takes place here!
Peristalsis
• Process by which
muscular contractions
move food through the
esophagus to the
stomach.
3c. Stomach
• Both mechanically (churning) and chemically (pepsin) digestion
occur.
Gastric Juice
Stomach Glands
Enzyme
specificity
HCL (Hydrochloric Acid)
Pepsin
Acidic pH
Digestion of proteins
Kill Bacteria
Which stomach will work?
1 = water
3 = water + acid
2 = water + pepsin
4 = acid + pepsin
What is the optimum pH and
temperature for pepsin?
Optimum
pH = 2
Optimum
Temp = 40
3d. Small Intestine
•Most digestion takes place and is
completed here chemically.
•Enzymes:
Amylase
Digests Starch
Trypsin
Lipase
Digests Proteins
Digests Lipids
Small Intestine
• Responsible for digestion and
absorption of nutrients.
• The enzymes (amylase, trypsin, and
lipase) are produced by accessory
organs.
Accessory Organs
No Food Passes Through Them
1. Liver – makes bile
2. Gallbladder – stores and
releases bile into S.I.
3. Pancreas – makes and releases
(pancrfeatic juice) amylase,
trypsin, and lipase into S.I.
Bile
-Emulsifies fats
-Breaks into smaller droplets
(mechanical digestion)
-Increases surface area of fats
Absorption
The Small Intestine is ideal for absorption because:
-Its very long (about
21 feet)
-Many folds
-Has villi (finger like
projections)
Villi
Blood Vessels
Carry Nutrients
away from the
digestive system
to the parts of
the body that
require them.
Nutrients diffuse
Into the bloodstream!
3f. Large Intestine
• Undigested material passes into the L.I
• No digestion occurs here
• The major function is to reabsorb water &
vitamins.
• Stores waste (feces) in the rectum.
• Elimination through the anus.
What is the major role of the Digestive System
(How does it help us maintain homeostasis?
The digestive system is responsible for breaking down nutrients
into smaller components so they can enter our bloodstream &
be delivered to our cells & can diffuse across the cell membrane.
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Proteins
Amino Acids
Lipids
Fatty Acids &
Glycerlol
Diffusion
Cell
It's a Gas
Scientists estimate that the average adult releases between 12
and 122 cubic inches of intestinal gas each day. Most of that
gas is made up of hydrogen and methane produced by the
bacteria as they ferment the fiber that was not digested in the
stomach or small intestine.
Many fruits and vegetables, especially beans, contain these
polysaccharides, which cannot be broken down by the enzymes
in the stomach or small intestine. As the bacteria decompose
these complex sugars, gas is released. Most of the gas is
passed without notice.
Common wisdom tells us that beans give us a lot of gas—more
than could pass without notice. Ever questing for eternal
answers, scientists in one study measured the intestinal gas
produced by people who ate a control diet and compared them
to those who ate a meal that was half pork and beans. The
folks in the control group released .9 cubic inches per hour of
flatus (intestinal gas) while the pork and beans group released
a whopping 10.7 cubic inches.
Weird Science Fact
Alexis St. Martin, a French Canadian, was
accidentally wounded by a short gun blast in
1822. Fortunately, Dr. William Beaumont, an
army surgeon, was nearby and began
treatment of the wound immediately. St.
Martin’s recuperation lasted nearly three
years, and the enormous wound healed
except for a small opening leading into his
stomach. A fold of flesh covered this
opening; when this was pushed aside the
interior of the stomach was exposed to view.
Dr. Beaumont began a series of experiments
and observations that formed the basis of our
modern knowledge of digestion.
Topic: How can the digestive
system malfunction?
Types
• Heartburn
• Ulcers
• Diarrhea
• Constipation
• Appendicitis
• Gallstones
1. Heartburn
Acid from the stomach backs up into the
esophagus
Treatment: Antacids
2. Ulcer
Lining of the digestive tract
becomes irritated and erodes.
Causes: H. pylori bacteria, stress,
smoking, and some medications.
Treatment: change diet, acid
reducing drugs, antibiotics
3. Constipation
• Too much water is removed by the Large
intestines
• Feces egested infrequently and with difficulty.
• Treatment: medication and fiber.
4. Diarrhea
Not enough water is absorbed by the
Large intestines
Feces are watery and frequent
Can cause dehydration
Treatment: Medications
5. Appendicitis
Appendix becomes inflamed due
to infection
Treatment: surgery & antibiotics
6. Gallstones
Small deposits of
cholesterol form hard
stones that become
trapped in the
gallbladder
Treatment: removal of
gallbladder or the
stones.
Topic: How does excretion in
humans remove harmful wastes?
Your Body’s Filter
Have you ever seen a water-purification system attached to a faucet?
This system removes impurities from the water such as arsenic or
other chemicals that can be harmful to people. As water passes
through the filters contained in the system, the impurities are
trapped on the surface of the filters. Eventually, the water that
comes out of this purifier is free of the impurities.
1. Your body has its own system for filtering blood. Why might the blood in your body need
to be filtered?
2. What organs do you think filter your blood?
3. How do you think the filtered materials leave your body?
1. Urinary System
• Blood in the artery enters the kidney
• In the kidney the blood gets cleaned of
metabolic waste
• The vein carries clean blood back to the
heart
• The ureter carries urine to bladder
• The bladder is where urine is stored
• When the bladder is full, it sends a
message to the brain
• The urine (water, urea, & other wastes)
exits the body through the urethra.
2. Kidneys: How do they maintain homeostasis?
• The primary organs in
excretion, play a vital role
in maintaining the
homeostasis of body
fluids. They excrete waste
products & regulate
water & salt balance in
the blood.
3. Nephron
Made of millions
of nephrons which
filter the blood of
SALT, WATER, and
UREA.
Nephron
4. Parts of the Nephron:
1)Glomerulus – tiny ball of
capillaries located at the
beginning of each nephron
tubule.
2) Bowman’s Capsule – cupshaped portion of the nephron
that surrounds the
glomerulus.
Nephron
5. Blood Processing:
1)Filtration – blood pressure
forces fluid (water, urea,
glucose, amino acids) from the
glomerulus into the Bowman’s
Capsule (not proteins).
2)Reabsorption – water and
dissolved nutrients, such as
glucose, salts, & amino acids,
are reabsorbed back into the
blood.
Nephron
Blood Processing:
3)Secretion – kidneys remove
certain substances from the
blood and add them to the
filtrate.
4)Excretion – now the filtrate
is called urine and will be sent
to the ureter, the bladder, &
then the urethra to be excreted
from the body.
6. Other Excretory Organs
•Liver
•Lungs
•Skin
a. LIVER
•Destroys old RBCs
•Produces urea from
breaking down amino
acids (ammonia to urea)
•Stores glycogen
•Detoxifies many
harmful substances
b. Lungs
•Get rid of :____ & _____
c. Skin (Integumentary)
• Gets rid of extra heat
• Gets rid of water and
salt
• Has 2 to 5 million sweat
glands
Sweat Gland
7. How does our excretory system help
maintain homeostasis?
•Temperature balance
•Water balance
•Waste balance
•Gas balance
Topic: How can the excretory
system malfunction?
Kidneys
• The primary excretory
organ. It plays a vital role
in maintaining the
homeostasis of body
fluids. They control the
amount of ammonia, salt,
and water in the blood.
How does our excretory system help
maintain homeostasis?
•Temperature balance
•Water balance
•Waste balance
•Gas balance
1. What are some metabolic wastes?
•Urea – from protein
breakdown
•Salts
•Water – from cell
respiration
•CO2 – from cell
respiration
Homeostasis: Water Level in Blood
Water in Blood ADH Reabsorption of Water
Water in Blood
ADH
Reabsorption of Water
2. Diabetes Insipidus
Symptoms:
Excretion of large amounts of watery urine
Unquenchable thirst
Causes:
Kidney is not reabsorbing water
back into the bloodstream
Treatment:
Desmopressin – causes the kidney to reabsorb
more water.
3. Kidney Stones
• Urine becomes too
concentrated and
crystallizes forming small
jagged stones.
• The stones can clog and
block urine passage through
the kidneys.
• Certain foods (like
carbonated beverages) have
been linked to their
formation.
Who gets kidney stones?
• For unknown reasons, the number of people in the
United States with kidney stones has been increasing
over the past 20 years.
• White Americans are more prone to develop kidney
stones than African Americans.
• Stones occur more frequently in men.
• Kidney stones strike most typically between the ages
of 20 and 40.
• Once a person gets more than one stone, others are
likely to develop.
4. Kidney Failure
Dialysis
• The main function of the
kidney is to balance fluid in
the body.
• Dialysis filters the blood for
individuals who have
nonfunctioning kidneys.
• Excess fluid in the blood can
cause high blood pressure
and may eventually
contribute to heart disease.
5. Dialysis
Dialysis treatments take
about 4 hours, and most
dialysis patients require
three treatments a week.
6. Kidney Transplant
• The success rate for kidney
transplants is excellent and
higher than for other kinds
of organ transplants.
• A person can live with only
ONE kidney