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AP World History Chapter 3 Classical Civilization in India and China Aryan Civilization • Indo European people who migrated across Europe and Asia. • No Archeological record of early Aryans. • Priests called Vedas kept oral stories that were passed down for generations. • The Vedas oral histories were written down around 1500 B.C.E Aryan Society • Aryans loved fighting, drinking, and playing dice. • They broke their society into four groups. – Brahmins or Priests. – Kshatriyas or Warriors. – Vaisyas or merchants, artists, farmers and herders. – Sudras or natives conquered by Aryans. • Later the four groups were divided by economic status. • Slowly castes developed subdividing the people. Aryan Religious Beliefs • Aryans were polytheistic. • • • • • • Indra = God of Thunder, War= Weapon Thunderbolt. Varuna = God of Order. Agni = God of Fire = Messenger. Brahman = God of all things. Mystics = People who seek spiritual things. Rajahs = Elected warrior leaders. Nomads to Farmers • The Aryans began to settle in villages then cities. • Rajahs became hereditary monarchs. • By 500 B.C.E many Rajahs controlled a new civilization of both Aryans and natives. • Written language of Sanskrit began to appear. Mahabharata • India’s greatest epic poem. • Story of Aryans fighting each other. • Five royal brothers fight one battle that lasts 18 days. Ramayana • The hero Rama must rescue Sita his beautiful bride from the demon king Ravana. • The monkey general Hanuman helps Rama rescue Sita. • Rama = ideal king. • Sita = ideal women. Classical Age India • Alexander the Great. • We learn about the Maurya empire from a Greek diplomat. Chandragupta, Maurya Empire • The first leader who conquered northern India. • The empire was maintained by a well organized Bureaucracy. • The government built roads, harbors, collected taxes, and had royal courts. Ashoka • The most honored Maurya emperor. • He conquered the Deccan region at the cost of 100,000 dead. • He then converted to Buddhism. • He stopped all conquest and became a vegetarian. • He built stone pillars announcing peace and prosperity and helped unite a divided people. Advances • Literature. – Fables, and folk tales in the Sanskrit language – Most famous play was Shakuntala. • Art. – Murals or wall paintings, Sexually vivid. • Architecture, stone temples, stupa’s or domes. – Lots of carvings. • Physicians. – Plastic surgery. – Vaccination of people against small pox. • Math. – Concept of Zero. – Decimal system based on 10. Kushan Empire • Nomadic Empire that spread rapidly across the northern empire. • The Kushans adopted elements of the Hellenistic culture of Bactria. • They adopted the Greek alphabet to suit their own language Gupta Destroyed • About the time of the Roman Empires collapse the White Huns overran the Gupta empire. • India split into many kingdoms for almost a 1000 years. Many Gods or One • Hinduism has no founder but grew out of many cultures and people. • One of the worlds most complex religions. “God is one, but wise people know it by many names.” • Brahman is the one god but people worship him as thousands of different gods. Hindu Beliefs • Reincarnation – Rebirth of the soul. – Can be reborn up or down in the cast system. • Gurus – Great knowledge leads people as a teacher. • Mystics – Religious leaders Varuna God of the Sky Hindu Sacred Texts • Bhagavad-Gita. – Teaches duty over personal desires and ambitions. The Goal of Life • Every person on earth has a atman or Brahman. • The goal is to achieve moksha or union with your Brahman. – You must free yourself of selfish desires. – It may take several lives to obtain. – Reincarnation is the rebirth of the soul. Karma and Dharma • Karma deals with all actions in this life that affect his or her status in the next life. • All existence is ranked. Humans are at the top then comes animals, plants, and rocks. • Dharma is the duties that each class of people must accomplish to progress. Opposition to the Brahmins • Some people rejected traditional Hinduism for a more extreme form. Early Life • The early life of Gautama was spent in a palace surrounded by luxury. • Prince Gautama married and had a son. • Gautama was sheltered by his father who did not want him to become a traveling holy man. The Search • Gautama was riding one day and came across a dead man, a sick person, and an old man. • He left his family to find a place without suffering. “why is their so much suffering in life?” • He sat under a tree for 48 days pondering the mystery of life. • he answered the question, his name changed to Buddha. “the enlightened one.” • Nirvana and Moksha. Four Noble Truths • All life is filled with pain and suffering. • The cause of suffering is the desire for things that are really illusions, such as riches, power, and long life. • The cure for suffering is to overcome desire. • Overcome desire by following the Eightfold Path. Buddhism and Hinduism Compared • Both Buddhism and Hinduism believe in the cycle of rebirth. • Buddhism grew out of Hinduism. • Both stress non-violence. Buddhist Sacred Texts • The Tripitaka or “Three Baskets of Wisdom” – “Overcome evil with good.” – “Overcome the liar with truth.” Two Sects of Buddhism • Theravada: Followed the original teachings of Buddha closely. • Mahayana: Worship Buddha even though Buddha taught the people not to worship him. • Afterlife with many heavens and hells. Decline of Buddhism in India • Hinduism eventually absorbed some Buddhist ideas. • Hinduism added Buddha to their long list of Gods. • Muslim armies destroyed the few remaining Buddhist centers of learning in the North. Priest Morning Rituals The Upanishads • The Upanishads are philosophical texts considered to be an early source of Hindu religion. More than 200 are known. • All Upanishads have been passed down in oral tradition. Kamasutra • It presents itself as a guide to a virtuous and gracious living. • A book on practical advice on sex. Stupa’s • A stupa is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of Buddha, used by Buddhists as a place of worship. Economy and Society Patriarchal • arranged marriages • companionate Textiles • Iron working • Steel • Long-distance trade Indian Influence • Spread Via trade • Buddhism China and India • Contrasts • Indian sensuality v. Chinese restraint in art • India more rigid socially • Similarities • large peasant classes • patriarchy Classical Civilization China Zhou dynasty • Revolt so fierce that the blood in the streets of the capital was deep enough to float blocks of wood. Zhou Mandate of Heaven • Mandate of heaven – Government receives it right to govern by heaven approval. – The responsibility of people to overthrow governments when ruler loses the approval of the Gods. – Governments lose approval if they are unjust and ineffective. Zhou dynasty:1100-750 B.C. • Zhou (Pronounced like “Joe”) • Zhou acquired most of the Shang Culture and Technology • Last Shang King was said to be a physical giant and monster of depravity among his cruelties was that he made drinking cups of the skulls of his vanquished enemies. • Slaves and Zhou vassals revolted against Shang cruelties. (1050 B.C.) Heaven Commands Me • The Justification of the political change of these tough frontiersman barbarian was that the iniquity of Shang is full “Heaven commands me to destroy it.” Zhou Economic Growth • Iron tools like axes and ox drawn iron plows replaced wooden farm tools. – Made farming better because farmers could produce more food. • First time coin money began to be used. – Made trade better because a merchant could carry money a lot easier then a herd of cows. Zhou Political System • Political system like feudal Europe – Serfdom and Hereditary Lords • Land is endowed for oaths of military service. – Local Lords were culturally and linguistically different. Zhou Destruction • 771 Wei Valley capital of Zhou is sacked – Vassals become rival states. • • • • • Qui in the west Jin in the north Yan to north east Chu to the south Qi to east – No dominant Chinese culture or National identity Class Divisions • A Sharp class division existed between the landowning aristocracy, educated bureaucrats and laboring masses. Warring States 400-225 B.C.E Chaos and War • War becomes larger in scale and more ruthless • Stronger states conquered and absorbed weaker ones. • In response to crisis schools of thought were introduced – Confucianism – Daoism – Legalism Confucianism • Confucianism – People could live together peacefully by recognizing their roles in networks of relationships – The family is an example of how relationships linked people together. Five Great Relationships • Confucianism – The five great relationships are those between • • • • • Ruler and subject Father and son Husband and wife Elder and younger brother Friend and friend Confucianism and Government • Confucianism – Each of the five involved both hierarchy and reciprocity. – In each pair, one role was superior and one, inferior; one role led and the other followed. – Yet each involved mutual obligations and responsibilities. – Failure to properly fulfill one’s role could lead to the abrogation of the relationship Effects of Confucianism • Confucianism – People not fulfilling their roles undermined Zhou regime. – People should engage in learning both to develop his personal moral character and to gain knowledge that is useful in serving others. Daoism • Goal was to live in harmony with nature. • Rejection of conflict and strife. – Stressed yielding. – Water does not resist but yields. • Government the cause of many problems. • Eventually turned into a religion. Legalism • Legalism was introduced by the Qin to gain power and Stability. • Rewards and Punishments to produce conformity to the rule of clear and well developed laws. Legalism (Continued) • Laws were strict, everyone understood their duties and knew the penalties for failing to fulfill them. • Some believed human nature was essentially blank and that people needed careful guidance by strong rulers to live in an orderly way. Qin Dynasty: 221-206 B.C. • Qin with legalism as its ideology succeeded in ending the Warring states era. • Qin defeated all it rivals to unite China • 221 Chu kingdom fell and the King of Qin took the title of Qin shihuangdi or first Emperor. Qin Economics • Qin laid the basis for an enduring imperial order. • Created unified Administrative system – Standardized • • • • Weight & measures system Cart axle width Coinage Writing Qin, Construction • Standardize people’s thoughts – Buried hundreds of scholars alive – Burned books and scholars to eliminate unorthodox ideas. • Imposed Taxes. • Massive Terracotta tomb. Qin,Great Wall • Great wall of China – Protected north steppe boarder – Reportedly 1 million died in the building of the wall Classical Age China Han Dynasty 202 B.C to 220 A.D • Traded with Rome and Indian Empires. • Accepted Confucianism and the Han Dynasty was less cruel. Han, Sciences • History records begin to be kept. – History of the elite. • Math, Science, Geography, and Astronomy. – – – – Sternpost Rudder. Magnetic Compass. Paper from wood pulp. 5th century wood block printing. Han, Medicine • • • • Acupuncture. Figured out the function of internal organs. Figured out the circulation of blood. Metallic and Ceramic luxury items. Han, Art • Silk manufacturing. • Bronze, Jade, and Ceramics used for art. • Poetry. • Landscape art. • Instrumental music. Han, Economics • Canals Built. • Road System. • Markets. – Scales. • Iron. – Plows, Horse harnesses increase horse power. • Fertilizer. – Animal wastes. Han, Government • Functioned through complex Bureaucracy. • Confucius Ideas. • Tests to be in Bureaucracy. – Meritocracy, the best regardless of social class. Han, Foreign Affairs • Groups that were assimilated by China. – White Huns. – Toba. • Developed trade contacts with India. – Trade Commission sent to Rome. – Nothing of interest in Rome. • Diffusion of Buddhism. Han, Problems • • • • Peasant Rebellions. Disloyal Bureaucracy. Over Taxation. Warlords gained more power.