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LABORATORY
Week 11
Digestive System
Objectives
1. Identify the following structures of the alimentary canal using a prepared slide,
model, or diagram available in the laboratory:
tunica mucosa:
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis externa: circular , longitudinal, and oblique layers
tunica serosa/adventitia
2. Identify the following organs of the alimentary canal (or associated structures)
using diagrams and models available in the laboratory:
Mouth:
vestibule, oral cavity proper
Oropharynx
Esophagus:
esophageal hiatus
Stomach:
cardiac region, fundus, cardiac (gastroesophageal)
sphincter, rugae, body, pylorus region, pyloric antrum,
pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter, greater curvature, lesser
curvature, greater omentum, lesser omentum
Small Intestine:
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, plicae
circulares, mesentery,lacteals
Large Intestine
cecum, vermiform appendix, external anal sphincter
ascending colon, right colic flexure, anus, transverse colon
left colic flexure, descending colon, rectum, sigmoid colon
internal anal sphincter, anal canal, mesocolon, tenia coli
haustra, epiploic appendages
3. Identify the following human accessory digestive organs using diagrams and
models available in the laboratory:
Teeth:
incisors
crown
pulp cavity
gingival (gum)
11. 1
canines
enamel
neck
cementum
premolars
dentin
root
periodontal ligament
molars
pulp
root canal
apical foramen
Salivary glands:
parotid gland
parotid duct
Pancreas:
pancreatic duct
tail
hepatopancreatic sphincter
body
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
head
Liver:
right lobe
quadrate lobe
caudate lobe
falciform ligament
Gall bladder:
cystic duct
common bile duct
left lobe
common hepatic duct
4. Identify the following structures of the cat digestive system:
Structures of/associated with the oral cavity:
incisor
canine
premolar
molar
tongue
frenulum
soft palate
parotid gland
parotid duct
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
Alimentary canal:
esophagus
stomach
rugae
small intestine
colon
rectum
lesser curvature
iliocecal valve
anus
greater curvature
cecum
pyloric sphincter
Accessory digestive organs:
pancreas
pancreatic duct
gall bladder
cystic duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
liver
bile duct
falciform ligament
common hepatic duct
Structures of the peritoneum:
parietal peritoneum greater omentum
mesocolon
lesser omentum
mesentery
Introduction
Anatomically and functionally the digestive system can be divided into the alimentary
canal (gastrointestinal tract) and the accessory organs of digestion. The alimentary
canal is a long continuous tube starting at the oral cavity and ending at the anus. Its
functions include transport, mechanical and chemical digestion, and absorption of food.
The accessory organs of digestion, which include the salivary glands, pancreas, liver
and gall bladder, secrete products into the alimentary canal to aid chemical digestion.
The basic structure of the walls of the alimentary canal is that it consists of four layers.
From the lumenal to the serosal surface these layers are: mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, and serosa (adventitia). Different regions of the alimentary canal
exhibit specializations on this basic arrangement, which reflect the specific functions of
that region.
11. 2
Activity 1:
Microscopic Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal
Materials:
Each student should have a microscope
Per pair of students:
Lens paper
Pens cleaner
Box of prepared slides: gastroesophageal junction, stomach, jejunum
Colored pencils
Model of GI tract wall (intestine)
Resources:
Textbook:
pages 854-855, Fig. 23.6; pages 862, Fig.23.12
pages 867-868, Fig. 3.15; pages 876-877, Fig.23.22
Photographic Atlas:
page 143 (Figs. 15.23 – 15.27); page 145, Figs. 15.3115.35; page 147, Figs. 15.41-15.42 (in the 5th edition, page
129, Figs. 15.23-15.27; page 131, Figs. 15.31-15.35;
page 133, Fig. 15.41-15.42)
Procedure:
Identify the following structures of the alimentary canal using a prepared slide,
model, or diagram available in the laboratory:
tunica mucosa:
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis externa:
tunica serosa
11. 3
epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
circular and longitudinal layers
Activity 2:
Gross Anatomy of the Human Digestive System
Resources:
Textbook:
page 850, fig. 23.1; pages 855-858, Figs. 23.7, 23.9;
pages 859-860, Figs. 23.10-23.11;
pages 865, Fig 23.14; page 875, Fig. 23.21;
pages 879, Fig.23.24; page 888-889, Figs 23.29, 23.30
Photographic Atlas
pages 138-150 (in the 5th edition, use pages123-136)
Procedure:
1.
Identify the following organs of the alimentary canal using diagrams and models
available in the laboratory:
Mouth:
vestibule, oral cavity proper
Oropharynx
11. 4
Esophagus:
esophageal hiatus
Stomach:
cardiac region, fundus, cardiac (gastroesophageal)
sphincter, rugae, body, pyloris region, pyloric antrum,
pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter, greater curvature, lesser
curvature, greater omentum, lesser omentum
Small Intestine:
duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal valve, plicae
circulares, mesentery
Large Intestine
cecum, vermiform appendix, external anal sphincter
ascending colon, right colic flexure, anus, transverse colon
left colic flexure, descending colon, rectum, sigmoid colon
internal anal sphincter, anal canal, mesocolon, tenia coli
haustra, epiploic appendages
2.
Identify the following human accessory digestive organs using diagrams and
models available in the laboratory:
Teeth:
incisors
crown
pulp cavity
gingival (gum)
canines
enamel
neck
cementum
premolars
dentin
root
apical foramen
Salivary glands:
parotid gland
parotid duct
submandibular gland sublingual gland
Pancreas:
pancreatic duct
hepatopancreatic sphincter
Liver:
right lobe
falciform ligament
caudate lobe
left lobe
common hepatic duct
Gall bladder:
cystic duct
common bile duct
Activity 3:
molars
pulp
root canal
periodontal ligament
quadrate lobe
Cat Digestive Anatomy
Materials:
Per pair of students:
Preserved cat
Dissection tray
Dissection tools: scalpel, forceps, blunt probe, pointed probe, scissors
Twine
Dissection guide: Pictorial Anatomy of the Cat
Gloves
Goggles
Resources:
Photographic Atlas
11. 5
page 180, Fig. 19.25; page 181, Figures 19.27-19.28; (in
the 5th edition, use page166, Fig. 19.25; page 167, Fig.
19.27-19.28;
Procedure:
Locate and identify the following structures of the cat digestive system:
Structures of/associated with the oral cavity:
incisor
canine
premolar
molar
tongue
frenulum
soft palate
parotid gland
parotid duct
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
Alimentary canal:
esophagus
stomach
rugae
small intestine
colon
rectum
lesser curvature
iliocecal valve
anus
Accessory digestive organs:
Pancreas
hepatopancreatic ampulla
liver
falciform ligament
gall bladder
cystic duct
Structures of the peritoneum:
parietal peritoneum
mesentery
11. 6
greater omentum
mesocolon
greater curvature
cecum
pancreatic duct
common hepatic duct
bile duct
lesser omentum
Checklist
A.
Microscopic anatomy
B.
__
tunica mucosa
__
epithelium
__
lamina propria
__
muscularis mucosa
__
tunica submucosa
__
tunica muscularis externa
__
tunica serosa
Human alimentary canal
__
vestibule
__
oral cavity
__
pharynx
__
esophagus
__
stomach
__
duodenum
__
jejunum
__
ileum
__
ileocecal valve
__
appendix
__
ascending colon
__
anus
__
transverse colon
__
left colic flexure
__
right colic flexure
__
rectum
__
sigmoid colon
__
internal anal sphincter
__
external anal sphincter
__
haustra
__
epiploic appendages __
taenia coli
__
mesocolon
__
mesentery
lesser omentum
__
greater omentum
__
plicae circulares
C.
__
Human accessory digestive organs
Teeth
__
incisors
__
canines
__
premolars
__
molars
__
crown
__
enamel
__
dentin
__
pulp
__
pulp cavity
__
neck
__
root
__
root canal
__
gingiva
__
cementum
__
periodontal ligament
__
apical foramen
Salivary glands
11. 7
__
parotid gland
__
parotid duct
__
submandibular gland
__
sublingual gland
Pancreas
__
pancreatic duct
__
hepatopancreatic sphincter
Liver
__
right lobe
__
caudate lobe
__
quadrate lobe
__
__
falciform ligament
__
common hepatic duct
__
common bile duct
left lobe
Gall bladder
__
cystic duct
Stomach
__
cardiac sphincter
___
cardia
___
fundus
___
body
___
antrum
___
pylorus
___
pyloric sphincter
___
rugae
___
lesser curvature
___
greater curvature
___
lesser omentum
D. Cat Digestive Viscera
Oral cavity
__ incisor
__ canine
__ premolar
__ molar
__ tongue
__ frenulum
__ soft palate
__ hard palate
__ parotid gland
__ parotid duct
__ sublingual gland
__ submandibular gland
__ esophagus
__ stomach
__ greater curvature __ lesser curvature
__ rugae
__ small intestine
__ iliocecal valve
__ colon
__ rectum
__ anus
Alimentary canal
__ cecum
Accessory digestive organs
__ pancreas
__ pancreatic duct
__ hepatopancreatic ampulla
__ liver
__ falciform ligament
__ common hepatic duct
__ gall bladder
__ cystic duct
__ bile duct
__ parietal peritoneum
__ mesentery
__ mesocolon
__ greater omentum
__ lesser omentum
Peritoneum
11. 8
PreLab Questions
1. Label the diagram below using the following terms:
a. tunica mucosa
b. muscularis mucosa
c. circular layer
d. epithelium
e. tunica submucosa
f. longitudinal layer
g. lamina propria
h. muscularis externa
i. serosa
2. Complete the following table concerning the basic structure of the alimentary canal.
Tunic
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
externa
Serosa or
Adventitia
11. 9
Subdivisions/Contents
Function
3. Label the diagram below:
11. 10
4. Match the items in column B with the descriptive statement in column A
Column A
____
region containing two sphincters through
which feces are expelled
____
organ distal to the stomach
Column B
a. lesser omentum
b. vestibule
c. anus
____
bone-supported anterosuperior boundary
of the oral cavity
____
structure that suspends the small intestine
from the posterior body wall
____
principal site for the synthesis of vitamin K
by microorganisms
____
large collections of lymphoid tissue in the
submucosa of the large intestine
d. duodenum
e. stomach
f. appendix
g. frenulum
____
mobile organ in the mouth that manipulates
food and initiates swallowing
____
initiates protein digestion
____
serous lining of the abdominal cavity
h. esophagus
i. tongue
j. greater omentum
k. rugae
l. soft palate
____
valve controlling food movement from the
stomach into the duodenum
m. oral cavity
____
conduit for both air and food
n. small intestine
____
absorbs water and forms feces
o. pyloric valve
___, ___ region that breaks down food mechanically
p. haustra
____
q. hard palate
valve at the junction between the small and large
Intestine
r. parietal peritoneum
____
structure attached to the lesser curvature of the
stomach
s. Peyer’s Patches
____
folds of gastric mucosa
t. mesentery
____
membrane securing the tongue to the floor
of the mouth
u. ileocecal valve
____
worm like sac that outpockets from the cecum
v. large intestine
w. pharynx
11. 11
____ region of the alimentary canal with no digestive/absorptive function
____ primary region of food and water absorption
____ area between the lips/cheeks and teeth
5. The small intestine exhibits three specializations to increase surface area for
digestion and absorption. List and briefly describe these specializations.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. Glands are found in the wall of the alimentary canal and compose parts of the
accessory organs of digestion. The products of these glands are secreted into
the lumen of the alimentary canal. Match the glands to their function or location.
gastric glands
salivary glands
11. 12
duodenal glands
liver
intestinal crypts
pancreas
_____________
produces and secretes into the duodenum an alkaline,
enzyme rich fluid
_____________
produces and secretes bile into the duodenum via the bile
duct
_____________
found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produces
intestinal juice
_____________
secretes HCl, intrinsic factor, and pepsinogen
_____________
produces an alkaline mucus that neutralizes the acidic chyme
from the stomach
_____________
produces a watery, acidic fluid containing amylase that
begins starch digestion in the mouth
7. Label the diagram below using the following terms:
a. crown
b. enamel
c. root canal
d. pulp cavity
e. neck
f. dentin
g. gingiva
h. cementum
i. root
j. periodontal ligament
8. Using the terms listed above complete the following statements:
11. 13
_______________
contains connective tissue, blood vessels and nerve fibers
_______________
a calcified connective tissue which attaches the tooth to
the periodontal ligament
_______________
the exposed part of the tooth above the gingival
_______________
the portion of the tooth embedded in bone
_______________
the material under the enamel, which forms the bulk of the tooth
_______________
the ligament that attaches the tooth to the alveolar socket
_______________
contains connective tissue, blood vessels and nerve fibers
9. Label the following diagram using the following terms:
a. common hepatic duct
b. gall bladder
c. main pancreatic duct
11. 14
d. cystic duct
g. common bile duct
e. duodenum
h. pancreas
f. hepatopancreatic sphincter
Lab Activities Worksheet
Name:
__________________
Week 11 Lab
1.
Complete the following table concerning the basic structure of the alimentary canal.
Tunic
Mucosa
Subdivisions/Contents
Function
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa or
adventitia
2. The small intestine exhibits three specializations to increase surface area for
digestion and absorption. List and briefly describe these specializations.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. The cat and the human digestive systems are different in a few respects.
Examine the human models and your dissection. How are the two different in:
the number of liver lobes: ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
appendix: _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
11. 15
4.
Prepare labeled sketches of the indicated structures as seen under the microscope.
(GI Tract) Intestinal layers
Total Magnification:
_________
Label the mucosa, epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, serosa,
muscularis externa (circular and longitudinal layers)
5. The biliary ducts consist of the ducts that carry bile from the liver to the
gallbladder for storage and from the gallbladder to the duodenum. In the wall of
the duodenum, the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct unite to form the
hepatopancreatic ampulla. It is here that the empting of bile and pancreatic juice
into the duodenum is regulated. Examine the anatomy of the biliary system on
models and diagrams available in the laboratory. Make your own sketch in the
space provided below. Be sure to include the following in your sketch:
left and right hepatic ducts
common bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
11. 16
cystic duct
pancreas
duodenum
common hepatic duct
main pancreatic duct
gall bladder