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Transcript
Energy Car With the Energy Car, students can explore speed, force, velocity, acceleration, Newton's Laws, graphs of motion, conservation of energy, conservation momentum, and more. Excellent versatility and a variety of options allow students to control multiple variables while performing fun and engaging experiments. Change the mass of the cars by 50%, 100% or 150%. Perform elastic and nonelastic collisions. Make calculations with friction. Measure speed and acceleration with precision. Set it up as a one-meter straight track or as a slope and level combo track, and more! Next Generation Science Standards Connection The investigations in this CPO Science Link module build conceptual understanding and skills for the following NGSS Performance Expectations: MS-PS2-1. Apply Newton’s Third Law to design a solution to a problem involving the motion of two colliding objects. MS-PS2-2. Plan an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object. MS-PS2-4. Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects. MS-PS3-1. Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationships of kinetic energy to the mass of an object and to the speed of an object. HS-PS2-1. Analyze data to support the claim that Newton’s second law of motion describes the mathematical relationship among the net force on a macroscopic object, its mass, and its acceleration. HS-PS2-2. Use mathematical representations to support the claim that the total momentum of a system of objects is conserved when there is no net force on the system. HS-PS2-4. Use mathematical representations of Newton’s Law of Gravitation and Coulomb’s Law to describe and predict the gravitational and electrostatic forces between objects. HS-PS3-2. Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative positions of particles (objects). CPO Science Link Energy Car page 1 of 4 Energy Car This CPO Science Link module includes 15-20 inquiry-based investigations. Sample content and skills covered include the following: Concept Key Question Learning Goals Vocabulary Level A Investigations Measuring Time How do we accurately measure time? • Accurately measure time. time interval, reaction time Experiments and Variables How do you design a valid experiment? • Set up an experiment. • Explain the difference between control and experimental variables. • Discuss why conducting multiple experimental trials is better than gathering only one set of data. experiment Speed Can you predict the speed of the car as it moves down the track? • Predict what happens to the car’s speed as it travels down the track. • Create and interpret a speed vs. position graph. • Use a graph to make a prediction that can be quantitatively tested. • Calculate the percent error between a measurement and a prediction. variable control variable experimental variable ti l speed average speed instantaneous speed Acceleration What is acceleration? • Define acceleration. • Analyze position versus time and speed versus time graphs to explain changes in motion of the • Energy car in terms of acceleration. • Apply the acceleration formula to solve problems. acceleration, position Friction How does friction affect motion? • Observe the effects of air, rolling, and sliding friction. • Compare the effects of air, rolling, and sliding friction on an object’s motion. friction, force, sliding friction, static friction, air friction, rolling friction Newton's First and Second Laws What is the relationship between force and motion? • Describe how a net force impacts motion. • Explain the meaning of acceleration. • Use observations to interpret Newton’s first and second laws of motion. Newton’s first law Newton's Third Law What happens when equal and opposite forces are exerted on a pair of Energy Cars? • Explain the meaning of action-reaction forces. • Apply knowledge of Newton’s first and second laws to explain the resulting force when • objects experience equal and opposite forces. • Observe examples of Newton’s third law. Newton’s third law, inertia, mass, net force CPO Science Link Energy Car Newton’s second law acceleration page 2 of 4 Concept Collisions Key Question Learning Goals Vocabulary Why do things bounce back when they collide? • Describe action-reaction force pairs. • Explain what happens when objects collide in terms of Newton’s third law. collisions, momentum, conservation of momentum, velocity Time, Distance, and Speed How is motion described and measured in physics? • Measure time intervals • Calculate speed from time interval measurements • Graph position vs. time for car traveling down track time, distance, speed, position, graph, x-axis, yaxis, variable, system, energy Systems, Energy, and Change Why do things change? Why do things change by only a certain amount? • Calculate speed from time interval measurements • Identify variables in an experiment • Control variables in an experiment variable, system, control variable, experimental Newton's First Law Why are heavier objects harder to start moving or stop from moving? • Recognize that force is needed to change an object’s motion. • Explain Newton’s first law. • Describe how inertia and mass are related. mass, inertial, Newton’s first law Newton's Second Law What is force? What is the relationship between force and motion? • Define and calculate acceleration. • Explain the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. • Determine mass, acceleration, or force given two of the quantities. acceleration, deceleration, Newton’s second law Newton's Third Law What makes moving objects keep going at the same speed in the same direction? • Use Newton’s third law to explain various situations. • Explain the relationship between Newton’s third law and momentum conservation. • Solve recoil problems. Newton’s third law, momentum, Level B Investigations impulse, law of conservation of momentum Collisions and Restraints What is the best way to minimize forces during a collision? • Describe action-reaction force pairs. • Explain what happens when objects collide in terms of • Newton’s third law. • Apply the law of conservation of momentum when describing the motion of colliding objects. Newton’s third law, momentum, law of conservation of momentum Energy in a System How is energy related to motion? • Discuss the meaning of a system. • Describe the motion of car in terms of energy. • Infer that objects possess either energy due to their position or energy due to their motion. Energy joule (J) system potential energy kinetic energy CPO Science Link Energy Car page 3 of 4 Concept Key Question Learning Goals Vocabulary Conservation of Energy What limits how much a system may change? • Analyze a speed versus height graph. • Calculate potential energy. • Use energy conservation to derive a formula for the speed of the car in terms of energy. law of conservation of energy Energy and Efficiency How well is energy changed from one form to another? • Compare the energy of an object before and after being accelerated by a rubber band to determine the efficiency of energy transfer law of conservation of energy How does a system get energy? • Define work in terms of force and distance and in terms of energy. • Calculate the work done when moving an object. • Explain the relationship between work and power. power, watt, How does gravity work on a ramp? • • • • • • Level C Investigations Work and Energy Motion on a Ramp Studying Two-Part Motion What happens to the Energy Car as it travels down a hill and across a flat section of track? CPO Science Link Energy Car Measure acceleration Calculate the steepness of a hill Analyze motion on a ramp Calculate speed and acceleration Graph acceleration Use Newton’s second law to calculate force • Predict the effects of a ramp with sloped and level sections on acceleration and speed. • Observe the motion of an object. • Analyze the motion of an object in order to describe speed and acceleration in terms of distance and time. horsepower displacement, projectile, trajectory, parabola, range acceleration average speed instantaneous speed page 4 of 4