Download COLD WAR

COLD WAR
I.
COLD-WAR
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1. TWO NATIONS THAT EMERGED FROM WAR AS MOST POWERFUL HAD VERY DIFFERENT
WARTIME EXPERIENCES
2. NO NATION SUFFERED AS MANY CASUALTIES AS SOVIET UNION
3. & NO MAJOR NATION IN WAR SUFFERED AS FEW AS THE U.S.
4. SOME 1700 CITIES, 70,000 VILLAGES WERE IN RUINS IN RUSSIA
5. IN RUSSIA, 70% OF ITS INDUSTRIES, 60 % OF ITS TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES
DESTROYED
6. FOR EVERY U.S. DEATH, RUSSIA SUFFERED 90
7. SOVIET UNION'S INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT FELL BY 40% DURING WAR YEARS, WHILE U.S.
MORE THAN DOUBLED
8. THESE INCREDIBLE LOSSES RUSSIA SUFFERED IN WAR AGAINST NAZI GERMANY
9. & ITS INSISTENCE THAT THERE BE NO REPETITION OF THIS HISTORY
10. MUST BE RECOGNIZED IN ANY ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND SOVIET UNION'S ACTIONS
AFTER THE WAR
11. U.S. EMERGED FROM WAR BRIMMING W/RENEWED CONFIDENCE & OPTIMISM
12. & U.S. WAS DETERMINED TO PLAY ROLE OF GREAT POWER
13. & TO EXERCISE ITS LEADERSHIP IN SHAPING POSTWAR WORLD
14. BUT ONE ALSO HAS TO KEEP IN MIND LENIN'S PRONOUNCEMENT YEARS BEFORE
15. THAT CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM CANNOT LIVE IN PEACE; ONE OR THE OTHER WILL
TRIUMPH
16. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE WESTERN NATIONS & THE SOVIET UNION DURING WWII
SEEMED FOR A TIME TO BELIE LENIN'S PREDICTION
17. BUT EVEN BEFORE WAR OVER MUTUAL SUSPICION BETWEEN STALIN & WESTERN
LEADERS THREATENED TO MAR PEACEMAKING EFFORTS
18. THESE MUTUAL SUSPICIONS & CONFLICTING INTERESTS BETWEEN DEMOCRACY &
COMMUNISM BECAME EVIDENT AT TWO CONFERENCES BIG 3 HAD
19. TO DECIDE COURSE OF WAR & WHAT TO DO WITH EUROPE AFTER WAR'S END
B. YALTA CONFERENCE - FEB 1945
1. MEETING OF THE BIG 3
a. CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT & STALIN
b. AT YALTA IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA
2. MAIN TOPIC WAS STATUS OF POSTWAR EASTERN EUROPE
a. ESPECIALLY POLAND
3. POLAND WAS REASON GB & FRANCE HAD DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY
4. AS WAR WAS ENDING, POLAND WANTED ITS COUNTRY BACK
5. WITHOUT ANY STRINGS ATTACHED
6. DURING WAR POLISH GOVT RESIDED IN LONDON
7. THE STRINGS ADDED WERE RUSSIA'S OCCUPATION OF ITS COUNTRY
8. POLES HATED RUSSIANS, THEY WERE STRONG ANTI-COMMUNISTS
9. WHEN SOVIET SOLDIERS HAD MOVED INTO POLAND
10. STALIN WOULD NOT TOLERATE THE RETURN TO POWER OF POLES
11. AS WELL AS OLD REGIMES IN HUNGARY, ROMANIA & BULGARIA,
a. WHICH HAD COOPERATED W/NAZIS
12. NO FOREIGN POWER WOULD HAVE OPPORTUNITY TO DO AGAIN WHAT HITLER HAD
DONE
a. & TURN EASTERN EUROPE AGAINST SOVIET UNION
13. ROOSEVELT WAS WILLING TO VACILLATE ON POLAND TO GET STALIN TO DECLARE
WAR ON JAPAN
14. NEVER WAS A LOT OF TRUST & COMRADERIE BETWEEN STALIN AND HIS DEMOCRATIC
COLLEAGUES
a. ROOSEVELT & CHURCHILL
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15. AS STALIN HIMSELF REMARKED
a. HITLER WAS ONLY A PETTY THIEF WHILE ROOSEVELT WAS AFTER BIGGER COINS
16. LEGACIES OF YALTA WOULD HAUNT EAST & WEST IN YEARS TO COME
C. POTSDAM CONFERENCE - JULY 1945
1. BY MID-SUMMER 1945 W/GERMANY'S SURRENDER
2. DEFEAT OF JAPAN ALL BUT CERTAINTY
3. THE BIG 3 AGREED TO MEET ONCE AGAIN
4. BUT W/NEW SET OF PLAYERS
5. TRUMAN HAD BECOME U.S. PRESIDENT ON ROOSEVELT'S DEATH IN APRIL
6. BRITISH LABOR PARTY LEADER CLEMENT ATTLEE HAD REPLACED CHURCHILL AS PRIME
MINISTER ENGLAND
7. FIRST SIGNS OF TENSION APPEARED WHEN BOTH SIDES WANTED TO CARVE OUT
SPHERES OF INFLUENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE
8. NO UNIFIED POLICY FOR GERMANY COULD BE AGREED ON & SO GERMANY WAS
ALLOWED TO BE SPLIT
9. TRUMAN ALSO DEMANDED IMMEDIATE FREE ELECTIONS THROUGHOUT EASTERN
EUROPE
10. STALIN REFUSED POINT-BLANK
a. A FREELY ELECTED GOVERNMENT IN ANY OF THESE EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
WOULD BE ANTI-SOVIET" "AND THAT WE CANNOT ALLOW"
11. TRUMAN ALSO ANNOUNCED AMERICAN SCIENTISTS PERFECTING AWESOME NEW
WEAPON
a. CAPABLE OF UNPARALLELED DESTRUCTION
12. BUT TRUMAN GAVE NO DETAILS TO STALIN
13. ABOUT WHAT IT WAS OR WHAT HE PROPOSED TO DO W/IT
D. ORIGIN OF TERM "IRON CURTAIN" & "COLD WAR"
1. EVEN THOUGH NO LONGER PRIME MINISTER
2. CHURCHILL INCREASINGLY VIEWED SOVIET UNION'S PRESENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE AS
A DANGER TO WORLD PEACE
3. CHURCHILL LOOKING FOR A FORUM FOR HIS VIEWS
a. WHEN IN SPRING 1946 GOT INVITATION TO RECEIVE HONORARY DEGREE IN MISSOURI
4. PRESIDENT HARRY TRUMAN,
a. GREAT FRIEND & ADMIRER OF CHURCHILL
b. AGREED TO INTRODUCE HIM
5. PERFECT OCCASION
a. SPEECH IN HEARTLAND OF US
b. W/AMERICAN PRESIDENT IN ATTENDANCE
c. & W/INTERNATIONAL PRESS COVERAGE
6. CHURCHILL ENTITLED SPEECH
a. THE SINEWS OF PEACE
b. HE DENOUNCED SOVIET BEHAVIOR IN EASTERN EUROPE
c. AN IRON CURTAIN HAS DESCENDED ACROSS THE CONTINENT. BEHIND THAT LINE
LIE ALL THE CAPITALS OF ANCIENT STATES OF CENTRAL & EASTERN EUROPE:
WARSAW, BERLIN, PRAGUE, VIENNA, BUDAPEST, BELGRADE, BUCHAREST & SOFIA.
7. CALLED FOR BRITAIN & ESPECIALLY U.S. TO KEEP PEACE
a. AGAINST SOVIET THREAT
8. MORE NB HE DEFINED EXISTENCE OF WHAT CAME TO BE KNOW AS COLD WAR 9. CHURCHILL'S WORDS NOT LOST ON SOVIET UNION
10. SPEECH & SPEAKER VOCIFEROUSLY CONDEMNED BY EVERY ORGAN OF SOVIET
PROPAGANDA
11. EVEN SOVIET HISTORIANS HAVE DATED BEGINNING OF COLD WAR FROM THAT SPEECH
12. SO NB WAS IT THAT STALIN HIMSELF FELT COMPELLED TO REPLY
13. MR. CHURCHILL NOW STANDS IN THE POSITION OF A FIREBRAND OF WAR. AND MR .
CHURCHILL IS NOT ALONE HERE. HE HAS FRIENDS NOT ONLY IN ENGLAND BUT IN
AMERICA. IN THIS RESPECT, ONE IS REMINDED REMARKABLY OF HITLER AND HIS
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FRIENDS...THE GERMAN RACIAL THEORY BROUGHT HITLER AND HIS FRIENDS TO THE
CONCLUSION THAT GERMANS, AS THE ONLY FULLY VALUABLE NATION MUST RULE
OVER OTHER NATIONS. THE ENGLISH RACIAL THEORY BRINGS MR. CHURCHILL AND HIS
FRIENDS TO THE CONCLUSION THAT NATIONS SPEAKING THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
BEING THE ONLY FULLY VALUABLE NATIONS, SHOULD RULE OVER THE REMAINING
NATIONS OF THE WORLD....BUT THE NATIONS HAVE SHED THEIR BLOOD DURING FIVE
YEARS OF CRUEL WAR FOR SAKE OF LIBERTY & INDEPENDENCE OF THEIR COUNTRIES
AND NOT FOR THE SAKE OF EXCHANGING THE LORDSHIP OF HITLER FOR THE LORDSHIP
OF CHURCHILL ...ONE CANNOT FORGET THE FOLLOWING FACT. THE GERMANS CARRIED
OUT AN INVASION OF THE USSR THROUGH FINLAND, POLAND, ROMANIA, BULGARIA,
AND HUNGARY. THE GERMANS WERE ABLE TO CARRY OUT THE INVASION THROUGH
THESE COUNTRIES BY REASON OF THE FACT THAT THESE COUNTRIES HAD GOVTS
INIMICAL [UNFRIENDLY] TO THE SOVIET UNION...
E. TRUMAN DOCTRINE - 1947
1. BY NEXT SPRING WE OFFICIALLY IN COLD WAR STANCE
2. PROMPTED BY PROSPECT OF COMMUNIST VICTORY IN A CIVIL WAR IN GREECE
a. COMMUNIST VICTORY SEEMED IMMINENT IN GREECE
3. GB HAD TRADITIONALLY BEEN GREECE'S PROTECTORATE
a. BUT W/EXHAUSTION OF WAR EFFORT
4. TURNED ROLE OVER TO U.S.
5. TRUMAN KNEW IF WAS TO KEEP U.S. ARMED PRESENCE IN EUROPE
6. TO ACT AS A BULWARK AGAINST COMMUNISM
7. HE WOULD HAVE TO "SCARE THE HELL OUT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
8. TRUMAN ADDRESSED JOINT SESSION OF CONGRESS
a. TO PRESENT HIS CASE FOR CONTINUED INVOLVEMENT IN EUROPEAN AFFAIRS
9. ONE OF MOST STIRRING COLD WAR SPEECHES EVER MADE
10. TRUMAN EXPOUNDED HIS VIEWS:
a. WAR IN GREECE NOT A MATTER BETWEEN GREEKS
b. IT WAS CAUSED BY OUTSIDE AGGRESSION
c. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNISM WAS ON THE MARCH W/ORDERS FROM MOSCOW
d. U.S. MUST PLAY ROLE OF CHAMPION OF DEMOCRACY TO SUPPORT FREE PEOPLES
WHO ARE RESISTING ATTEMPTED SUBJUGATION BY ARMED MINORITIES OR BY
OUTSIDE PRESSURES
11. A COMMUNIST VICTORY IN GREECE WOULD SET OFF SIMILAR EVENTS IN OTHER
COUNTRIES
12. SPEECH BECAME KNOWN AS THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
13. FIRMLY SET U.S. FOREIGN POLICY ON PATH TO CONTAIN COMMUNISM
14. BUT NO CLEAR EVIDENCE STALIN BEHIND GREEK REVOLUTION
15. IF FACT HE HAD AGREED TO KEEP GREECE W/IN BRITAIN'S SPHERE OF INFLUENCE
16. BUT TO TRUMAN & MOST OF U.S. PUBLIC
17. ALL REVOLUTIONS IN NAME OF KARL MARX MUST BE FROM MOSCOW
18. REPUBLICAN PARTY NOT TO BE LEFT BEHIND IN STRUGGLE AGAINST COMMUNISM
QUICKLY BACKED TRUMAN
19. THUS NATIONAL CONSENSUS FORGED THAT WOULD LAST FOR YEARS
F. IMPACT OF ATOMIC BOMB ON COLD WAR
1. HISTORIANS ARE IN DISAGREEMENT OVER IMPACT OF ATOMIC BOMB ON COLD WAR
2. SOME SAY U.S. POSSESSION OF BOMB CAUSED ITS LEADERS TO BE
a. MORE DEMANDING & LESS FLEXIBLE IN DEALING W/SOVIET UNION
3. U.S. POSSESSION & USE OF BOMB SURELY CAUSED SOVIET LEADERS TO INCREASE THEIR
SUSPICIONS OF WEST
4. IT IS FAIRLY CERTAIN THAT SECRETIVE MANNER OF U.S. IN BUILDING & USING ATOMIC
BOMB
5. MADE A POSTWAR NUCLEAR ARMS RACE LIKELY,
a. IF NOT INEVITABLE
6. SEVERAL MANHATTAN PROJECT SCIENTISTS ATTEMPTED TO WARN TRUMAN
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ADMINISTRATION
7. ATOMIC MONOPOLY COULD NOT BE MAINTAINED FOR LONG
8. & NUCLEAR ARMS RACE WOULD SURELY FOLLOW & THREATEN PEACE OF WORLD
9. IF U.S. GOVT DID NOT SHARE INFORMATION ABOUT THIS NEW WEAPON W/SOVIET UNION
10. & DID NOT ATTEMPT TO BRING IT UNDER INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
11. THIS ADVICE WENT UNHEEDED & RESULT WAS AS SCIENTISTS PREDICTED
12. EVENTUALLY U.S. GOVT DID PROPOSE INTERNATIONAL CONTROL OF ATOMIC POWER
13. BUT PROPOSAL UNACCEPTABLE TO SOVIET UNION
14. BECAUSE PERMITTED U.S. TO RETAIN ITS NUCLEAR ARSENAL INDEFINITELY
15. WHILE RESTRICTING SOVIET EFFORTS TO DEVELOP ONE
16. SOVIETS COUNTERED BY PROPOSING IMMEDIATE DESTRUCTION OF ALL EXISTING
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
17. & SIGNING OF TREATY OUTLAWING ANY FUTURE PRODUCTION OR USE OF THEM
18. U.S. REJECTED THIS
19. MEANTIME SOVIET UNION'S FRANTIC EFFORT TO BUILD ATOMIC BOMB BORE FRUIT
20. ON SAT. SEPT 3, 1949 - GEIGER COUNTERS ON OUR SPY PLANE NEAR ALASKA STARTING
CLICKING
21. OPPENHEIMER WAS RIGHT - WITHIN 4 YRS RUSSIA HAD ITS BOMB TOO
G. MARSHALL PLAN
1. 3 MONTHS AFTER PRONOUNCEMENT OF TRUMAN DOCTRINE
2. U.S. TOOK ANOTHER STEP TO PROTECT ITS INTERESTS IN EUROPE
3. W/UNVEILING OF MARSHALL PLAN
4. AMERICAN GENERAL GEORGE MARSHALL
a. SECRETARY OF STATE
5. PLAN FOR BROAD ECONOMIC AID TO EUROPEAN STATES
6. ON CONDITION EUROPEANS WORK TOGETHER FOR THEIR MUTUAL BENEFIT
7. INVITATION INCLUDED SOVIET UNION & ITS SATELLITES
8. INITIALLY FINLAND & CZECH. WILLING TO PARTICIPATE
9. POLAND & HUNGARY SHOWED INTEREST
10. SOVIETS FEARING U.S. ECONOMIC AID WOULD ATTRACT MANY SATELLITES OUT OF
THEIR ORBITS, FORBADE THEM TO TAKE PART
11. TERMS OF PLAN CALLED FOR EUROPEAN GOVTS TO MATCH AMERICAN LOAN FUNDS
12. EVENTUALLY AMOUNTED TO MORE THAN $22.5 BILLION
13. 7/8 IN FORM OF OUTRIGHT GIFTS RATHER THAN LOANS
14. BY 1950 MARSHALL PLAN MONEY HAD REBUILT MANY OF
a. THE PORTS
b. RR LINES
c. & ROADS DESTROYED IN WAR
15. W/BASIC TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION NETWORKS RESTORED
16. INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY COULD PROGRESS RAPIDLY
17. MARSHALL PLAN BECAME A POTENT POLITICAL WEAPON IN CONTAINMENT OF SOVIET
INFLUENCE
18. IT WELL IMPLEMENTED TRUMAN DOCTRINE
19. MARSHALL PLAN TRUMAN SAID
a. WAS BUT THE OTHER HALF OF THE SAME WALNUT
20. REMARKABLE IRONY OF IT ALL IS
21. W/IN A DECADE LATER COMMON MARKET ESTABLISHED IN EUROPE
22. CONTINENTAL UNITY & PEACE
23. WHICH HAD ELUDED MILITARY CONQUERORS SINCE ROMAN TIMES
H. NATO - NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
1. TO COUNTERACT THE SOVIETS IN EASTERN EUROPE
2. IN 1949
3. MUTUAL DEFENSE ALLIANCE BETWEEN US & MOST WESTERN EUROPEAN STATES WAS
FORMED
a. EXCEPT SWITZERLAND & SWEDEN & SPAIN
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I.
(1) SPAIN VETOED AS PREVIOUS CLOSE AFFILIATION W/NAZI GERMANY
(2) US MADE SEPARATE TREATY W/SPAIN IN 1953 FOR USE OF SPANISH SITES FOR US
AIR & NAVAL BASES
(3) IN RETURN US MILITARY & ECONOMIC AID
4. NATO BECAME CORNERSTONE OF US POLICY IN EUROPE
5. STRENGTH OF THIS ALLIANCE CAME FROM
a. AMERICAN NUCLEAR CAPABILITY
6. NATO AIR BASES MADE POSSIBLE NUCLEAR STRIKES AGAINST SOVIET CITIES
7. W/ EXPLOSION OF 1ST RUSSIAN NUCLEAR DEVICE IN 1949
8. STAGE SEEMED SET FOR A CONFRONTATION FAR MORE DEVASTATING THAN ANY
CONVENTIONAL WAR
9. W/IN A FEW YEARS ENOUGH BOMBS HAD BEEN STOCKPILED TO DESTROY THE WORLD
SEVERAL TIMES OVER
10. AND IN THE 50'S RUSSIAN & AMERICAN SCHOOLCHILDREN LEARNED TO DROP UNDER
THEIR DESKS AT A GIVEN SIGNAL IN CASE OF NUCLEAR ATTACK
11. WEST GERMANY JOINED NATO IN 1955
12. THEN TURKEY & GREECE JOINED ALSO
13. 1966 FRANCE PULLED OUT
14. FRANCE VIEWED U.S. AS MAIN THREAT TO FRANCE & EUROPE'S INDEPENDENCE
15. SHAPE - SUPREME ALLIED COMMAND NOW IN BELGIUM INSTEAD OF PARIS
WARSAW PACT OF MAY 1955
1. SOVIET RELATIONS W/STATES OF EASTERN EUROPE WERE GOVERNED BY A SERIES OF
BILATERAL TREATIES
2. PROVIDING FOR CLOSE TIES & MUTUAL ASSISTANCE IN CASE OF ATTACK
3. 1949 COUNCIL OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (COMECO) WAS FORMED TO INTEGRATE
ECONOMIES OF THESE STATES
4. UNLIKE NATO STATES, EASTERN ALLIANCE SYSTEM WAS UNDER DIRECT SOVIET
DOMINATION
a. THRU LOCAL COMMUNISTS PARTIES CONTROLLED FROM MOSCOW
b. & PRESENCE OF RED ARMIES
5. WARSAW PACT OF MAY 1955 EST
a. MERELY GAVE FORMAL RECOGNITION TO A SYSTEM THAT ALREADY EXISTED
b. ALBANIA, BULGARIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, EAST GERMANY, HUNGARY, POLAND,
ROMANIA & USSR
c. ALBANIA WITHDREW 1968 AFTER SOVIET LED INVASION OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
II. ESCALATION OF COLD WAR
A. SOVIET UNION'S SEIZURE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1968
1. COMMUNISTS SEIZED POWER IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
2. & COUNTRY BECAME A SOVIET SATELLITE IN FEB 1948
3. THE COUP HAD A DEEP IMPACT ON PUBLIC OPINION IN WEST
4. IT BECAME PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE THAT ONE COULD NOT DO BUSINESS W/THE SOVIETS
B. BERLIN BLOCKADE (JUN 24, 1948-MAY 12, 1949)
1. SOVIET OCCUPATION FORCES SUDDENLY CUT OFF ALL WESTERN COMMUNICATION
W/BERLIN
2. STALIN WANTED TO ELIMINATE THE WESTERN PRESENCE IN THE CITY
3. HE CLOSED THE LAND ROUTES INTO BERLIN TO CONVINCE WEST TO ABANDON BERLIN
4. A CITY 110 MILES INSIDE THE SOVIET SECTOR
5. BERLIN WAS TOTALLY DEPENDENT ON ALLIED SUPPLIES OF FOOD & FUEL
6. TENSIONS REACHED CRISIS PROPORTIONS
7. FOR NEARLY A YEAR A LIFESAVING AIR BRIDGE KEPT BERLINERS ALIVE,
8. RUSSIANS BACKED DOWN MAY 1949
9. BUT INCIDENT WAS DECISIVE
10. GREATLY INCREASED TENSIONS & SUSPICIONS BETWEEN OPPONENTS
11. & HASTENED LASTING SEPARATION OF GERMANY INTO TWO STATES IN 1949
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12. FINALLY IN 1961 WHEN SOVIETS BUILD BERLIN WALL THE SEPARATION OF GERMANY
SEEMED FINAL
C. SUMMARY
1. RUSSIA MOVED INTO EASTERN EUROPE TO PERMANENTLY PROTECT HER BORDERS
AGAINST RECURRENCE OF GERMAN AGGRESSION
2. & GAIN COMPENSATION FOR HER TREMENDOUS LOSSES
3. PLUS THE GROWTH IN FRANCE & ITALY OF LARGE COMMUNIST PARTIES AFTER WAR
4. LED AMERICANS TO BELIEVE STALIN WAS ENGAGED IN GREAT WORLDWIDE PLOT TO
DESTROY CAPITALISM & DEMOCRACY BY SUBVERSION
5. EUROPE NOW DIVIDED INTO 2 UNFRIENDLY BLOCS
6. COLD WAR HAD TAKEN FIRM SHAPE IN EUROPE
7. THE COLD WAR WILL TURN HOT WHEN IT MOVES TO ASIA
8. BUT SUBSEQUENT EVENTS IN EUROPE WOULD PROVE THE HOLLOWNESS OF AMERICAN
POLITICAL RHETORIC ABOUT LIBERATING THE CAPTIVE NATIONS OF EASTERN EUROPE
9. SPECIFICALLY WHEN HUNGARY ATTEMPTED TO THROW OFF ITS RED YOKE IN 1956
10. & NO DEMOCRATIC GOVT CAME TO AID OF REBELS
11. ALTHOUGH HUNGARIANS HAD BEEN LED TO BELIEVE U.S. WOULD ACTIVELY SUPPORT
THEM
12. RIVALRY BETWEEN SOVIET UNION & US. HAS NOW DOMINATED INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS FOR 4 DECADES
13. & LIST OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN TWO IS ENDLESS
a. SUEZ CRISIS
b. CUBAN CRISIS
c. KOREAN WAR
III. HARDSHIPS OF CIVILIAN POPULATIONS POST WWII
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1. HARDSHIPS OF IMMEDIATE POSTWAR PERIOD GREAT
2. URBAN DESTRUCTION PUT EVEN CRUDEST SHELTER AT A PREMIUM
a. MAJORITY OF GERMAN CITIES MORE THAN 50% DESTROYED
(1) FEB 1945 2-DAY BOMBING OF DRESDEN
(a) DESTROYED COMPLETELY
3. GREATLY DECREASED AGRICULTURE OUTPUT BROUGHT FAMINE TO MUCH OF CENTRAL
& EASTERN EUROPE
4. DROUGHT & A SEVERE WINTER IN 1945-6 ADDED MORE MISERY
a. COAL IN SHORT SUPPLY
(1) MANY DIED OF HYPOTHERMIA
B. REFUGEE PROBLEMS
1. DIPLOMATIC SETTLEMENTS IMPOSED BY VICTORIOUS ALLIES ADDED OTHER MISERIES
2. LARGELY W/O CONSIDERING WISHES OF POPULATIONS INVOLVED
3. MILLIONS OF POLES, HUNGARIANS, CZECHS & RUMANIANS WERE UPROOTED
4. & FORCED TO JOIN THE MASSES OF REFUGEES & DISPLACED PERSONS ALREADY IN
GERMANY
a. ABOUT 14 MILLION REFUGEES FLED TO GERMANY
5. ONLY NOW GERMANY BECAME PEOPLED W/O LIVING SPACE
a. THAT HITLER HAD TALKED ABOUT - LEBENSTRAUM
6. FOREIGN WORKERS IMPORTED BY THE NAZIS AS SLAVE LABORERS REFUSED TO BE
REPATRIATED TO HOMELANDS OCCUPIED BY THE RED ARMY
7. WHILE THOUSANDS MORE POURED INTO THE SATELLITE STATES OF
a. ALBANIA, YUGOSLAVIA, POLAND, BULGARIA CZECHOSLOVAKIA, HUNGARY &
RUMANIA
8. MANY JEWS HAD NO WISH TO REMAIN IN EUROPE
a. WANTED TO SETTLE IN PALESTINE
C. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
1. MOST SERIOUS PROBLEM POST WAR
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2. MANY COUNTRIES INDUSTRY HAD BEEN DESTROYED
3. RAILWAYS & ROADS HAD LARGELY BEEN DESTROYED GERMANY & ITALY
4. 1947 CHURCHILL FELT ONLY PESSIMISM ABOUT FUTURE OF EUROPE, CALLING
CONTINENT
a. A RUBBLE HEAP, A CHARNEL [CEMETERY, MAUSOLEUM], HOUSE, A BREEDING
GROUND OF PESTILENCE & HATE
5. BUT CHURCHILL'S LABELS DID NOT LAST
6. IN WESTERN EUROPE ALMOST A MIRACLE OCCURRED
a. EUROPE'S FORMER ECONOMIC PROSPERITY WAS REGAINED
7. A MAJOR AIM OF THE VICTORS WAS TO PREVENT A RECURRENCE OF THE POST WWI
ECONOMIC SITUATION
8. ONLY US EMERGED FROM WAR IN STRONGER POSITION
9. WAR HAD STIMULATED US ECONOMY
10. ALL ALLIED NATIONS IN HER DEBT
IV. GERMANY POST WORLD WAR II
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1. GERMANY GLUTTED W/REFUGEES, ITS ECONOMY HOPELESSLY DISLOCATED
2. FURTHER WEAKENED BY DIVISION & DE-NAZIFICATION
B. DIVISION OF GERMANY
1. DIVIDED INTO 4 OCCUPATION ZONES
2. BRITAIN, FRANCE & US CONTROLLED SOUTH & WEST
3. USSR CONTROLLED EASTERN REGIONS
a. FORMERLY PRUSSIA
b. ALONG W/CAPITAL BERLIN
4. THOUGH BERLIN WAS WITHIN THE RUSSIAN ZONE IT WAS DIVIDED INTO 4 ALLIED ZONES
a. W/ACCESS TO THE CITY FROM THE WEST GUARANTEED
C. GERMANY'S ECONOMIC RECOVERY
1. GERMANY POST WWII LEFT W/NATIONAL DEBT EST AT $400 BILLION MARKS
2. INDUSTRY DESTROYED
3. GERMAN PATENTS & INVENTIONS BECAME PROPERTY OF HER CONQUERORS
4. HER ART TREASURES REMOVED FROM MUSEUMS & DISAPPEARED ABROAD
a. REMAINED AS PAYMENT FOR DAMAGES IN OTHER COUNTRIES
5. HER ENTIRE GOLD RESERVES, FOREIGN CAPITAL, SHIPS & ALL TRANSPORTABLE
INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS SEIZED BY VICTORS
6. STARVATION WAS A DAILY PROBLEM
7. ROBBERY & BLACK-MARKETEERING PREVAILED
8. LARGELY AMERICANS W/THEIR CARE PACKAGES, RED CROSS, ETC. WHO AIDED
GERMANS THROUGH FIRST POST-WAR WINTER
9. FINALLY IT WAS DECIDED TO GIVE GERMANY A NEW START
a. 1948 EST NEW UNIT OF CURRENCY = DEUTSCHMARK
b. 1949 NEW CONSTITUTION PROCLAIMED
(1) FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
c. KONRAD ADENAUER ELECTED FIRST CHANCELLOR
10. ONE WEEK LATER EASTERN GERMANY DID LIKEWISE BUT W/A DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF
GOVT
11. WOMEN SALVAGED BRICKS FROM RUBBLE
12. OR PLANTED GARDENS IN MIDST OF RUBBLE
13. OLD MEN CARTED RUBBISH FROM CITIES
14. CHILDREN WORKED IN FIELDS
15. LOST OF HER OLD FACTORIES MEANT THAT POSTWAR INDUSTRY WOULD BE MODERN
a. TRUE OF JAPAN TOO
16. HER STATUS AS A DEFEATED NATION FREED HER OF THE HUGE DEFENSE BUDGETS
ADOPTED BY MANY OF THE NATO POWERS
17. IN 1950`S ALONE INDUSTRIAL EARNINGS ROSE BY 300%
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18. PRODUCED GOODS OTHER NATIONS LIKED
a. VOLKSWAGEN
19. DOMESTIC DEMAND STRONG
20. BY 60'S ECONOMIC MIRACLE HAD MADE WEST GERMANY THIRD IN RANKS OF
INDUSTRIAL NATIONS OF WORLD
D. DE-NAZIFICATION POST WWII
1. WHOLE GERMAN POPULATION UNDERWENT PROCESS
2. PEOPLE CHECKED OUT FOR THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS HITLER & HIS SYSTEM
3. PROMINENT NAZIS WERE REMOVED FROM GOVT
4. NAZI-ORIENTED INSTITUTIONS DISMANTLED
5. THOUSANDS OF WAR CRIMINALS PROSECUTED
a. PUNISHED ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION
6. MOST INFAMOUS IN NUREMBERG TRIALS
a. RESERVED FOR BIG PARTY LEADERS
b. MAJORITY WERE ACQUITTED
c. NOT A FEW MAINTAINED TO END, AS DID HERMAN GOERING, THEY WERE MEN OF
PEACE
7. WORLD OPINION REMAINED OUTRAGED HOWEVER
a. TRANSMITTED MESSAGE OF HATRED & COLLECTIVE GUILT OF ALL GERMANS
b. SEEMED GERMANS BANISHED FOR ETERNITY FROM COMMUNITY OF NATIONS
8. BUT ADENAUER'S STRONG OPPOSITION TO THE MILITARISTIC STRAIN IN GERMAN
CULTURE
9. & HIS PERSONAL COMMITMENT TO CLOSE TIES W/FRANCE
10. DID MUCH TO HEAL THE DEEP BITTERNESS LEFT BY THE WAR
11. WHILE AT SAME TIME COMPENSATION PAID TO JEWS & OTHERS PERSECUTED BY HITLER
REGIME
a. ORIGINAL LOANS OF $700 MILLION NOW HAS BECOME $33 BILLION IN REPARATIONS
TO JEWS
12. BEGAN PAINFUL PROCESS OF RECONCILIATION BETWEEN GERMANS & JEWS
13. TODAY GERMAN SCHOOLCHILDREN ARE CONSTANTLY REMINDED OF HITLER, NAZISM,
THE HOLOCAUST
14. THEY ARE SHOWN NEWSREELS OF DEATH CAMPS, VISIT CONCENTRATION-CAMP
EXHIBITIONS, SPEND A YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL HISTORY STUDYING THE THIRD REICH
15. HARDLY A WEEK PASSES IN WEST GERMANY W/O A SPECIAL TELEVISION PRODUCTION
ON WAR
16. OLDER GERMANS SPEAK OF POSTWAR YEARS AS WHEN WE GOT DEMOCRACY
17. MANY USE THE IMAGE OF AN INOCULATION OR THE ADMINISTRATION OF AN ANTIDOTE
TO NAZI POISON
18. WEST GERMANS HAVE CALLED 1945 ZERO HOUR & A TOTAL BREAK W/THE PAST & A
NEW BEGINNING
19. WEST GERMANS ARE AMONG THE BEST INFORMED PEOPLE ON EARTH
20. & ONE THING THEY KNOW IS THEY HAVE CAUSED MUCH OF WORLD PROBLEMS
21. BUT EVEN WELL-MEANING GERMANS SOMETIMES FEEL AS IF THEY WERE DAMNED BY
SOME SORT OF ORIGINAL SIN
22. 1 LEADING AMERICAN EXPERT ON GERMAN HX FRITZ STERM
a. GERMANS WANT TO THINK OF THE FUTURE BUT THEIR NEIGHBORS ARE THINKING
OF THE PAST
23. NOW W/EAST & WEST UNITED OLD FEARS OF GERMAN AGGRESSION ONCE AGAIN
SURFACING
24. FORMER FRENCH PRIME MINISTER RE UNIFICATION
a. WE FRENCH WHO KNOW OUR NEIGHBORS WELL, HOW CAN WE NOT REMIND ALL
EUROPEANS & WORLD AS A WHOLE OF NEED TO GUARD AGAINST ABUSES WHICH
GERMANY COMMITS IN ALL AREAS WHEN IT SEES AN OPPORTUNITY?
25. ANOTHER QUOTE
a. THE GERMANS ARE ASSERTING THEMSELVES & WE ARE GROWING FEARFUL. OUR
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FEARS MAY NOT BE WELL FOUNDED, BUT WE HAVE THEM NONETHELESS & A
FEARFUL PEOPLE WILL NOT ALWAYS DISTINGUISH CAREFULLY BETWEEN MYTH &
REALITY.
26. ISRAEL HARBORS THE DEEPEST DREAD
27. MEMORIES ARE POWERFUL TO JEWS DESPITE CAREFULLY NURTURED RECONCILIATION
BETWEEN JERUSALEM & BONN
V. ENGLAND FOLLOWING WORLD WAR II
A. GENERAL REMARKS
1. PEOPLE DID NOT WANT TO WORRY ABOUT NECESSITIES OF LIFE
a. JOB, HOME, RETIREMENT, HEALTH
2. SAW CHURCHILL'S PARTY AS NOT WILLING TO MAKE NEEDED REFORMS TO GIVE PEOPLE
THESE NECESSITIES
3. LABOR PARTY WON ELECTION OVER CONSERVATIVES 1945
4. PEOPLE STILL LOOK ON CHURCHILL AS GREAT MAN WHO HAD DONE A MAGNIFICENT
JOB IN DARK YEARS OF WAR & HAD LED THEM TO VICTORY
5. NOW THAT FIGHTING OVER THEY WANTED A BETTER & MORE SECURE LIFE
6. & WANTED TO INSURE PROBLEM OF POST WWI, IE. UNEMPLOYMENT FOR VETERANS,
ETC. WOULD NOT OCCUR
7. WANTED FREEDOM FROM INVASION & WAR
a. DISCUSS CAROLYNN'S PASSPORT RETENTION
b. WHAT HAD SAVED BRITAIN WAS ITS ISLAND
B. NATIONALIZATION REFORMS
1. SET ABOUT NATIONALIZING TRANSPORTATION, UTILITIES & NEEDED NATURAL
RESOURCES
a. BANK OF ENGLAND
b. RAILWAYS & UNDERGROUND & BUSES
c. AIRLINES
d. COAL INDUSTRY
e. ELECTRICAL POWER
f. GAS INDUSTRIES
g. IRON & STEEL INDUSTRIES
2. SOCIALIZED MEDICINE
a. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE EST 1948
(1) FREE MEDICAL & HOSPITAL CARE TO ALL
C. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
1. MAJOR PROBLEM OF BRITISH POST WWII
2. WHILE RELATIVELY PROSPEROUS ITS RATE OF GROWTH HAS LAGGED WELL BEHIND
WEST GERMANY & FRANCE
3. WAR RESULTED IN GREAT HOUSING SHORTAGE
4. THE POPULATION HAD GROWN
a. INTERMARRIAGE BETWEEN AMERICANS & BRITISH EFFECTED SOCIETY
b. DISCUSS LATEST FINDINGS RE AGGRESSOR MENTALITY
5. BUT ALMOST NO NEW HOUSES HAD BEEN BUILT DURING WAR
6. & HALF A MILLION HOUSES HAD BEEN DESTROYED BY GERMAN BOMBING
7. UNFAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE ADDED TO BRITAIN'S WOES
a. WORLDWIDE SHORTAGE OF FOOD & PRICE OF RAW MATERIALS BRITAIN NEEDED
RIGHT AFTER WAR
b. COSTS LOTS MORE THAN THE MANUFACTURED GOODS BRITAIN WAS PRODUCING
8. PLUS AMERICA CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO BRITAIN'S IMMEDIATE POST-WAR
DIFFICULTIES
a. AMERICA ABRUPTLY ENDED LEND-LEASE IN 1945
(1) SAID WAR WAS OVER & HAD TO THINK ABOUT OWN DOMESTIC NEEDS
b. A BRITISH DELEGATION WENT TO WASHINGTON TO SEEK A $3.75 BILLION LOAN
c. MONTHS OF DIFFICULT NEGOTIATIONS ENSUED AS AMERICANS NOT CONSCIOUS OF
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COMPLEXITIES OF POSTWAR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION
d. NOT ONE DOLLAR FOR BRITAIN AS LONG AS THEY HAVE GOT THE CROWN
JEWELS IN LONDON
(1) SAID 1 CONGRESSMAN
e. ONLY W/RUMBLES OF COLD WAR & PLEA OF JOSEPH KENNEDY, FORMER AMERICAN
AMBASSADOR TO BRITAIN CHANGED CONGRESSIONAL OPINION
9. CONDITIONS OF LOAN IMPOSSIBLE TO MEET
10. & DEVASTATING, ISLAND-WIDE BLIZZARD ALL BUT BROUGHT COUNTRY TO ITS KNEES
ECONOMICALLY
11. NOT ONLY GOVT'S DELAYS IN GETTING ENOUGH COAL & POWER TO POPULACE &
REPAIRING FLOOD DAMAGE BUT
12. RATIONING THAT BRITISH ENDURED DURING WAR
a. TEA, SUGAR, LARD, BUTTER, MARGARINE, BACON, EGGS
13. BECAME EVEN GREATER NOW W/WAR OVER
14. BREAD RATIONED FOR NEARLY 3 YRS. PAYMENTS
15. DURING WINTER OF 1946-47 CONDITIONS REACHED THEIR WORST
a. EVEN POTATOES RATIONED
16. IN 1947 & 48 FOOD RATIONS REDUCED WELL BELOW WHAT WAS ALLOWED DURING WAR
a. PER WEEK PER PERSON
(1) 13 OZ OF MEAT
(2) 8 OZ OF SUGAR
(3) 1 QUART OF MILK
(4) & 1 EGG
17. STILL IN 1947 EVERY WOMAN IN ENG SPENT AT LEAST 1 HOUR WAITING IN A QUEUE
18. EVEN IN 1951, 6 YRS AFTER WAR OVER
a. MEAT STILL IN SHORT SUPPLY & RATIONED
19. CANDY RATIONED UNTIL 1954, 9 YRS AFTER WAR
20. UNTIL 1956, 11 YRS AFTER WAR, SUGAR. RATIONED
21. MARSHALL PLAN CAME ONLY IN TIME TO RESCUE BRITAIN
D. POLITICS
1. CHURCHILL RETURNED AS PRIME MINISTER AGAIN FROM 1951-55
2. HIS ANTI-SOCIALIST SLOGANS HAD LOST VOTES 1945 BUT HIS NEW ONES DID NOT
a. ELECTORATE MUST CHOOSE BETWEEN LADDERS ON WHICH EVERYONE COULD RISE
OR QUEUES IN WHICH EVERYONE WAITED FOR HIS FAIR SHARE. SOCIALISM MADE
MEN EQUAL ONLY BY MAKING THEM EQUALLY MISERABLE
3. KING GEORGE VI DIED 1952 4. & HIS DAUGHTER ELIZABETH II SUCCEEDED
5. CHURCHILL HAD WITNESSED THE PASSAGE OF 5 REIGNS
a. HE TOLD YOUNG QUEEN HE HAD RECALLED HER GREAT-GREAT-GRANDMOTHER
6. HE WOULD BE HER TUTOR IN THE ANXIOUS & DARK AGE THROUGH WHICH WE ARE
PASSING
7. CHURCHILL DIED IN JANUARY 1965 AT AGE OF 90
a. MAGNIFICENT STATE FUNERAL
E. DEMISE OF EMPIRE & FORMATION OF COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS
1. BRITAIN FOUND ITSELF IN A WORLD WHERE THERE WERE ONLY 2 REALLY GREAT
POWERS U.S. & RUSSIA
2. WHILE HER ECONOMIC PROBLEMS WERE TERRIBLE
3. IN END IT WAS RAPID DISSOLUTION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE THAT SHOOK BRITONS THE
MOST
4. FOR THE EMPIRE WAS AS EXTENSIVE IN 1947 AS IT HAD EVER BEEN
5. POST WWII W/ADVENT OF INCREASED NATIONALISM
6. BRITAIN FORCED TO GIVE UP CONTROL OF MANY OF ITS COLONIAL POSSESSIONS
a. INDIA, PAKISTAN, BURMA, CEYLON
b. ENDED PALESTINE MANDATE IN 1948
7. IN PLACE OF ITS EMPIRE WAS FORMATION OF COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS
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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
COVERS A QUARTER OF THE ENTIRE LAND SURFACE OF THE EARTH
WITHIN IT LIVE MORE THAN A QUARTER OF ALL THE PEOPLE IN WORLD
VOLUNTARY ASSOC OF 26 COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT NATIONS
EACH OF WHICH WAS AT ONE TIME PART OF BRITISH EMPIRE
SHARE TRADE AGREEMENTS W/TARIFF PREFERENCES
PRACTICE MANY COMMON TRADITIONS OF GOVT, LAW, JUSTICE
ALL ACKNOWLEDGE BRITISH MONARCH AS SYMBOLIC HEAD OF COMMONWEALTH
INCLUDES CANADA, AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, INDIA, PAKISTAN, CEYLON, GHANA,
CYPRUS, JAMAICA