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THE ROMAN EMPIRE BEGINS - the rule of the generals continued, characterized in the late Republic by loyalty to army commanders such as: Marius, Sulla, Pompey and Julius Caesar - led to factional strife as people supported one general or another - also, the success of the Roman army and navy created certain problems: 1. captives were brought home as slaves, creating a slave based economy/society/state 2. grain from conquered lands sold in Rome for cheaper prices than home grown 3. in consequence small farmers went out of business 4. large land owners set up large farms called “ __________________” meaning wide farm -labor for these was provided by the slaves from conquered territories - slave pop’n during the Empire went from 40,000 to 250,000 - this forced small farmers and unskilled laborers into the city where they became part of a new population milling about Rome called “ ___________________________”, who in turn had to be entertained by the gov’t ( “ “) in order to prevent a revolution - the lives of slaves in Rome varied according to the jobs they held, the worst jobs were said to be: 1. ___________________________ on Roman galleys 2. ___________________________ in salt mines or quarries - the best physical specimens were trained as _____________________ to fight to the death in public spectacles for the entertainment of the mob - life span of a gladiator was months not years, in fact the average life span was: ___________________________________ SPARTACUS - a Thracian slave taken from the salt mines and trained as a gladiator at Capua (HUGE training school) - resented being forced to kill for the enjoyment of others and with ____________ other gladiators broke free and began a war against Rome - they armed themselves and fled to the hills - they plundered the country side as they went and picked up many more slaves along the way - they attracted _________________ as well as refugee slaves till their numbers reached _____________________________ - they devised plan after plan under the leadership of Spartacus, one was to escape Rome through the _____________ the other was to escape by way of the ______________________ aboard pirate ships - they were betrayed by pirates, whom Crassus paid off and were left vulnerable at the Southern tip of Italy at Brindisium - highly successful, defeating several Roman armies - eventually defeated by Marcus Lucinius Crassus, Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey) arrived late but managed to kill any escaping slaves - thus the revolt was crushed and Spartacus was killed on the battlefield - 6,000 slaves were captured from Spartacus’ army and were crucified along the road from ___________________ to ________________, as an example to all slaves never to revolt