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Basic Botany Cabell County Master Gardener Association, Inc. Prepared by Steve Beckelhimer [email protected] Eukaryotes • Living things whose cells have a nucleus • Includes plants, animals, fungus and protists but not bacteria Classification • Animals o Kingdom o Phylum o Class o Order o Family o Genus o Species • Plants o Kingdom o Division o Class o Order o Family - aceae o Genus o Species Gymnosperm/Angiosperm Gymnosperm • Naked seed • Seeds not enclosed in a fruit • Includes conifers and a few others like gingko • Ancient group Angiosperm • Covered seed • Seeds encased in an ovary (fruit) • Most common plants are angiosperms • Considered more advanced Monocot/Dicot Monocot Dicot • • • • • • • • One seed leaf Parallel leaf veins Flower parts in threes Fibrous roots Two seed leaves Branched leaf veins Flower parts in fours or fives Tap roots Nomenclature Scientific Names • As with all living things, the scientific names of plants are composed of two parts (binomial nomenclature), the Genus and species. • Examples: o White oak – Quercus alba o Red oak – Quercus rubra o Panda plant - Kalanchoe tomentosa o Virginia creeper - Parthenocissus quinquefolia o Witch hazel - Hamamelis virginiana o Sugar maple – Acer saccharum o Box elder – Acer negundo Common names • Often confusing • Very different plants may have the same name in different areas (silver maple, water maple, creek maple, silverleaf maple, soft maple, swamp maple, or white maple) • The same plant may have very different names in some localities • For example, the European white waterlily has at least 245 different names Parts of a Plant Root system • Penetrates soil • Absorbs water and ions • Anchors plant Shoot system • Stems: serve as framework to position leaves • Leaves: primary location for photosynthesis • Flowers and fruit: serve reproductive functions Vegetative Sexual • • • • • Flowers • Fruits • Seeds Leaves Stems Buds Roots Stems Stems transport materials between roots and leaves • Phloem – carries sugars produced in leaves to the roots and fruits for storage • Xylem – carries water and minerals from the roots to shoots • Cambium – growth tissue that is found between xylem & phloem Monocot Stem Dicot Stem Woody Dicot Stem Stem Parts Stem Modifications Leaves Function of Leaves • Collect sunlight • Carry out photosynthesis Leaf Parts Simple/Compound Leaves Leaf Shapes Leaf Venation Leaf Tips Leaf Bases Leaf Margins Leaf Arrangements Buds Leaf/Flower Buds Bud Position Roots Root system • Penetrates soil • Absorbs water and ions • Anchors plant Tap/Fibrous Roots Root Structure Flowers Functions of Flowers • Produce seeds and the mechanisms for distribution • Attract pollinators or distribute pollen Male/Female/Complete Flowers • Complete Flowers - flowers that have male and female parts • Pistillate Flowers – flowers that have only functional female parts • Staminate Flowers – flowers that have only functional male parts Monoecious and Dioecious Plants • Hermaphroditic plants have all flowers with both male and female parts. • Dioecious plants have male (staminate) flowers on one plant, and female (pistillate) flowers on another plant. • Monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. • Male and female flowers may be produced at different times in monoecious plants. Inflorescence Patterns Fruit Fruits • • • • Fruits consist of ovules (seeds) and ovary walls Some fruits are composed of many ovaries Fruit originates from the pistillate part of the flower May be classified as simple, aggregate or multiple fruits Simple/Multiple/Aggregate Fruit Seeds Seeds in Plant Reproduction • Seeds contain everything that the embryonic plant needs to grow when conditions are right • Most of the weight of the seed is endosperm, a starchy material that, when conditions are right, can be converted into sugar to grow the plant • One hormone keeps the embryo in dormancy • This hormone is more water soluble than another hormone that stimulates growth • In favorable temperatures and in the presence of water, the growth hormone overtakes the dormancy hormone and germination begins Seed Structure Germination Radish Quiz Onion Carrot Tomato Parsnip • Stem Cabbage • Leaf Apple • Fruit Cucumber Spinach • Root Potato Brocolli • Flower Avocado Beans • Seed Asparagus Corn Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Captures Energy • Light energy is used to combine molecules of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water from the soil to form the simple sugar, glucose giving off oxygen as a waste product • Overall reaction of photosynthesis CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2 Leaves are ideal for the process • Photosynthesis primarily takes place in the mesophyll tissues of leaves where chlorophyll is abundant, veins bring water and air spaces allow gas exchange • Openings (Stomata) on the undersides of leaves allow carbon dioxide in and oxygen to escape • Guard cells open and close to control the movement in and out of the leaf’s internal air spaces • Leaves can move to track the sun like efficient solar panels Photosynthesis Limitations • Photosynthesis occurs only between 46o and 113o F • Violet light provides most light for photosynthesis and green light provides the least • An abundance of oxygen is toxic to plants Respiration Plants need energy too • It is a myth that plants do not need to carry out respiration or that they only do respiration at night • Although plants produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis, they harvest the energy through respiration in usable forms • In some ways, respiration can be thought of as the reverse of the photosynthetic process although the metabolism and structures are very different • Overall reaction of respiration C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O Comparison Photosynthesis Respiration • Produces carbohydrates • Light energy is stored as chemical energy • Occurs cells with chloroplasts • Oxygen is released • Water is used • Carbon dioxide is used • Breaks down carbohydrates • Chemical energy is converted to energy for cells • Occurs in all cells • Oxygen is used • Water is released • Carbon dioxide is released Transpiration Movement of Water & Minerals • An abundance of water exists surrounding the roots of plants while water is used for photosynthesis in the leaves of plants • Although photosynthesis uses water, far more water is evaporated (transpired) from the leaves of plants than is used for photosynthesis • Xylem carries the water from the source (roots) to the sink (leaves) • Water is carried in a plant through passive processes and is not pumped • Opening and closing of stomata control the rate of transpiration Stomata control Transpiration Plant Life Cycles • Annual– plants complete cycle (germination, vegetative growth, seed production and dispersal) in a single year • Perennial – vegetative parts of plants survive from year to year and may or may not reproduce each year • Biennial – two years are required to complete the life cycle. Typically vegetative growth takes place the first year and sexual reproduction occurs the second year. Plants may die after reproduction. Plant Growth & Regulation Chemical Nature of Hormones • • • • Chemical substances produced in small quantities in one location Transported to another location to effect physiological response Response can be stimulatory or inhibitory Animal hormones produced at definite sites, organs of hormone production • Plant hormones are not produced in such specialized tissues Five major kinds of plant hormones • • • • • Auxin Cytokinins Gibberellins Ethylene Abscisic acid Auxin • • • • • • Controls growth of lateral buds on stem Regulates stem elongation Produced in terminal buds Results in the cone shape of plants Chemically similar to tryptophan Synthetic auxin is used to promote flowering and rooting • Concentrations of synthetic auxin can be herbicidal Cytokinin • Promotes cell division and differentiation in combination with auxin • Mostly produced in roots and transported throughout plant • Chemically derived from adenine Gibberellin • • • • Synthesized in apical portions of stems and roots Promotes internodal elongation, enhanced by auxin Restored normal growth to dwarf plant mutants Stimulates hydrolytic enzyme production in germinating seeds Ethylene • Suppresses lateral bud formation when combined with auxin • Suppresses stem and root elongation • Primary factor in formation of separation layer in abscission (opposite of auxin) causing leaf drop • Produced in large quantities during fruit ripening Abscisic acid • Involved in leaf drop from processes other than seasonal senescence • Influences formation of winter buds • Suppresses growth of dormant lateral buds • Controls opening and closing of stomata Tropisms Phototropism Auxin moves to a less well lit side of a plant causing elongation on one side and a temporary bending of the plant Gravitotropism • Differential in auxin concentration develops in horizontal stems • More auxin on lower side causes these cells to elongate, stem rises Thigmotropism • Response of plants to touch • Causes curling of tendrils, twining of vines • Action associated with rapid cellular growth or changes in turgor pressure • Coiling of tendrils is associated with auxin and ethylene • Examples include touch-me-not and Venus fly trap Thank you http://www.cabellcountymastergardeners.com This presentation is available for download at – http://???.??? and may be freely used for educational purposes Much material for this presentation was taken from the West Virginia Master Gardener Handbook