Download Nervous System-recognizes and coordinates the body`s response to

<Appendix I>
Nervous System-recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its
internal and external environments
nervous
c.1400, "affecting the sinews," from L. nervosus "sinewy, vigorous," from nervus "sinew,
nerve" (see nerve). Sense of "of or belonging to the nerves" in the modern sense is from
1665. Meaning "suffering disorder of the nervous system" is from 1734; illogical sense
"restless, agitated, lacking nerve" is 1740. Widespread popular use as a euphemism for
mental forced the medical community to coin neurological to replace it in the older sense.
Nervous wreck first attested 1899.
system
1619, "the whole creation, the universe," from L.L. systema "an arrangement, system,"
from Gk. systema "organized whole, body," from syn- "together" + root of histanai
"cause to stand" from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (see stet). Meaning "set of correlated
principles, facts, ideas, etc." first recorded 1638. Meaning "animal body as an organized
whole, sum of the vital processes in an organism" is recorded from 1683; hence fig.
phrase to get (something) out of one's system (1900). Computer sense of "group of
related programs" is recorded from 1963. All systems go (1962) is from U.S. space
program.
Skeleton System-supports the body; protects internal organs; allows movement; stores
mineral reserves; provides a site for blood cell formation
skeleton
1578, from Mod.L. sceleton "bones, bony framework of the body," from Gk. skeleton
soma "dried-up body, mummy," from neut. of skeletos "dried-up," from skellein "dry
up," from PIE base *skele- "to parch, whither" (cf. Gk. skleros "hard"). The Gk. word
was borrowed in L.L. (sceletus), hence Fr. squelette, Sp. esqueleto, It. scheletro. The
meaning "bare outline" is first recorded 1607; hence skeleton crew (1778), skeleton key,
etc. Phrase skeleton in the closet "source of secret shame to a person or family"
popularized 1845 by Thackeray, though he likely didn't coin it.
Muscular System- works with skeletal system to produce voluntary movement; helps to
circulate blood and move food through the digestive system
muscle
1533, from L. musculus "a muscle," lit. "little mouse," dim. of mus "mouse" (see mouse).
So called because the shape and movement of some muscles (notably biceps) were
thought to resemble mice. The analogy was made in Gk., too, where mys is both "mouse"
and "muscle," and its comb. form gives the medical prefix my-/myo-. Cf. also O.C.S.
mysi "mouse," mysica "arm;" Ger. Maus "mouse, muscle," Arabic 'adalah "muscle," 'adal
"field mouse." Fig. sense of "force, violence, threat of violence" is 1930, Amer.Eng. The
verb first recorded 1913, "to accomplish by strength;" to muscle in is 1929 in underworld
slang. Muscle-man was originally (1929) "an underworld enforcer;" sense of "strong
man" first attested 1952. Muscle-bound is first recorded 1879. Muscle car "hot rod" is
from 1969. Muscular Christianity (1857) is originally in ref. to philosophy of Anglican
clergyman and novelist Charles Kingsley (1819-75).
Circulatory System-brings oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells; fights infection;
removes cell wastes; helps to regulate body temperature
circulation
1440, from L. circulationem, from circulare "to form a circle," used of blood first by
William Harvey, 1628.
Integumentary System- serves as a barrier against infection and injury; helps to regulate
body temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun
integument
1611, from L. integumentem "a covering," from in- "in, upon" + tegere "to cover"
Respiratory System-provides oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess
carbon dioxide from the body
Endocrine System- controls growth, development, and metabolism; maintains
homeostasis
endocrine
1914, from endo- + krinein "to separate, distinguish"
Digestive System-converts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of
the body; absorbs food; eliminates wastes
digest (v.)
"assimilate food in bowels," c.1460 (digestion is attested from c.1386), from L. digestus
Reproductive System-produces reproductive cells; in females, nurtures and protects
developing embryo
reproduce
1611, "to produce again," from re- "again" + produce (v.), probably on model of Fr.
reproduire (16c.). Sense of "make a copy" is first recorded 1850; that of "produce
offspring" is from 1894. Reproductive in biological sense is recorded from 1836.
Reproduction is attested from 1659, "act of creating again;" sense of "generation of living
things" is from 1782; meaning "a copy" is from 1807.
Excretory System-eliminates waste products from the body in ways that maintain
homeostasis
excretion
1603, from L. excretus, pp. of excernere "to discharge"
Lymphatic/Immune Systems-helps protect the body from disease; collects fluid lost
from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system
Amphibian-a vertebrate that lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult, breathes
with lungs as an adult, has moist skin that contains mucous glands, and lacks scales and
claws.
amphibian
1637, "having two modes of existence, of doubtful nature," from Gk. amphibia, neut. pl.
of amphibios, from amphi- "of both kinds" + bios "life" (see bio-). Formerly used by
zoologists to describe all sorts of combined natures (including otters and seals), the
biological sense "class of animals between fishes and reptiles that live both on land and in
water," and the noun derivative, first recorded 1835. Amphibia was used in this sense
from 1609 and has been a zoological classification since c.1819. Amphibious with ref. to
motorized vehicles dates from 1915.
Cloaca-a muscular cavity at the end of the large intestine through which digestive wastes,
urine, and eggs or sperm leave the body
cloaca
1656, Mod.L., euphemism for "sewer," from L. cloaca "sewer," from cluere "to cleanse,"
from PIE base *klu- "to rinse, clean."
Mammary gland-gland in mammals that produces milk to nourish the young
mammary
1682, from Fr. mammaire, from L. mamma "breast," probably from the child's word for
"mother."
gland
1692, from L. glandula "gland of the throat, tonsil," dim. of glans (gen. glandis) "acorn,"
from PIE base *gwel- "acorn, oak" (cf. Gk. balanos, Armenian kalin, O.C.S. zelodi
"acorn;" Lith. gile "oak").
Monotremes-egg-laying mammals
Placenta-an internal structure which is formed when the embryo’s tissues join with
tissues from within the mother’s body
placenta
1677, from Mod.L. placenta uterina "uterine cake" (so called 16c. by It. anatomist Realdo
Colombo), from L. placenta "flat cake," from Gk. plakoenta, accusative of plakoeis "flat,"
related to plax "anything flat," from PIE *plak-, extended form of base *pele- (see plane
(n.)). So called from the shape.
Cell-the basic unit of structure and function in living things
cell
c.1131, "small room," from L. cella "small room, hut," related to L. celare "to hide,
conceal," from PIE base *kel- "conceal" (cf. Skt. cala "hut, house, hall;" Gk. kalia "hut,
nest," kalyptein "to cover," koleon "sheath," kelyphos "shell, husk;" L. cella "store room,"
clam "secret;" O.Ir. cuile "cellar," celim "hide," M.Ir. cul "defense, shelter;" Goth. hulistr
"covering," O.E. heolstor "lurking-hole, cave, covering," Goth. huljan "cover over,"
hulundi "hole," hilms "helmet," halja "hell," O.E. hol "cave," holu "husk, pod"). Earliest
sense is for monastic rooms, then prison rooms (1722). Used in biology 17c., but not in
modern sense until 1845. Meaning "small group of people working within a larger
organization" is from 1925. Cellphone is from 1984.
Specialized cells-uniquely suited to perform a particular function
specialize
1616, "to indicate specially," from special (q.v.). Sense of "engage in a special study or
line of business" is first attested 1881; biological sense is from 1851. Specialzation is
recorded from 1843. Specialist is first attested 1856 (originally in the medical sense).
Tissues-a group of cells that perform a single function
tissue
c.1366, "band or belt of rich material," from O.Fr. tissu "a ribbon, headband, belt of
woven material" (c.1200), noun use of tissu "woven, interlaced," pp. of tistre "to weave,"
from L. textere "weave" (see texture). The biological sense is first recorded 1831, from
Fr., introduced c.1800 by Fr. anatomist Marie-François-Xavier Bichal (1771-1802).
Tissue-paper is from 1777, supposedly so called because it was made to be placed
between tissues to protect them. Meaning "piece of absorbent paper used as a
handkerchief" is from 1929.
Epithelial tissue-gland tissues that cover interior and exterior body surfaces
Connective tissue-provides supports for the body and connects its parts
Nervous tissue-transmits nerve impulses throughout the body
Muscle tissue-tissue that controls the internal movement of materials in the body, as well
as external movement
Organs-a group of different type of tissues that work together to perform a single
function
organ
O.E. organe, and O.Fr. orgene (12c.), both meaning "musical instrument," both from L.
organa, pl. of organum, from Gk. organon "implement, musical instrument, organ of the
body," lit. "that with which one works," from PIE *werg-ano-, from base *werg- "to do,"
related to Gk. ergon "work" and O.E. weorc (see urge (v.)). Applied vaguely in late O.E.
to musical instruments; sense narrowed by c.1386 to the modern musical instrument
known by that name (involving pipes supplied with wind by a bellows and worked by
means of keys), though Augustine (c.400) knew this as a specific sense of L. organa. The
meaning "body part adapted to a certain function" is attested from 1392. Organist is first
recorded 1591; organ-grinder is attested from 1806.
Organ system-a group of organs that perform closely related functions