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Jewish Sources on Resurrection Judaism has always resisted the establishment of required fundamental beliefs, primarily because we have no centralized authority that is capable of pronouncing final judgment. However, Rabbis have made attempts throughout the generations to establish basic concepts. Philo asserted that there are five basic principles of Judaism: 1. God is and rules; 2. God is one 3. The world was created; 4. Creation is one; 5. God's providence rules Creation. The Saadia Gaon listed eight basic principles: 1. The world is created; 2. God is one and incorporeal; 3. belief in revelation (including the divine origin of tradition; 4. man is called to righteousness and endowed with all necessary qualities of mind and soul to avoid sin; 5. belief in reward and punishment; 6. the soul is created pure; after death it leaves the body; 7. belief in resurrection; 8. Messianic expectation, retribution, and final judgment. RAMBAM developed the thirteen articles of faith and described them as "the fundamental truths of our religion and its very foundations." 1. Belief in the existence of the Creator, who is perfect in every manner of existence and is the Primary Cause of all that exists. 2. The belief in G-d's absolute and unparalleled unity. 3. The belief in G-d's non-corporeality, nor that He will be affected by any physical occurrences, such as movement, or rest, or dwelling. 4. The belief in G-d's eternity. 5. The imperative to worship G-d exclusively and no foreign false gods. 6. The belief that G-d communicates with man through prophecy. 7. The belief in the primacy of the prophecy of Moses our teacher. 8. The belief in the divine origin of the Torah. 9. The belief in the immutability of the Torah. 10. The belief in G-d's omniscience and providence. 11. The belief in divine reward and retribution. 12. The belief in the arrival of the Messiah and the messianic era. 13. The belief in the resurrection of the dead. Many have argued that in his later writings RAMBAM did not maintain adherence to the view that all thirteen of these articles are necessary. His successors reduced the list to three: Belief in 1) God, 2) Creation (or revelation), and 3) providence (or retribution). Is resurrection a fundamental belief within Jewish tradition? (Pharisees vs. Sadducees) Gevurot , ְמ ַכ ְלכֵּל חַ יִּים בְּ ֶ ַֽחסֶ ד. ַהוֹשׁיע ַֽ ִ ַרב ְל, ְמ ַחיֵּה ֵמ ִתים ַ ַֽא ָתּה,ַא ָתּה גִּ בּוֹר ְלעוֹ ָלם אֲ ֹדנָי ,סוּרים ִ ֲוּמ ִתּיר א ַ , וְ רוֹ ֵפא חוֹלִ ים, סוֹמֵ ְך נוֹפְ ִלים,ְמחַ יֵּה מֵ ִתים בְּ ַרחֲ ִמים ַרבִּ ים ֶ ַֽמ ֶלְך ֵמ ִמית,וּמי ַֽדּוֹמֶ ה ָלְּך ִ ִמי ָכ ַֽמוָֹך ַ ַֽבּעַ ל גְּ בוּרוֹת,וּמ ַקיֵּם אֱ מוּנָתוֹ ִלישֵׁ נֵי עָ ָפר ְ ְמ ַחיֵּה,ָ בָּ רוְּך ַא ָתּה יְ י. וְ נֶאֱ ָמן ַא ָתּה ְלהַ חֲ יוֹת ֵמ ִתים.וּמצְ ִ ַֽמיחַ ְישׁוּעָ ה ַ וּמחַ יֶּה ְ .הַ מֵּ ִתים You are forever mighty, Adonai, restorer of the dead, great in the power to save. You sustain the living with kindness and revive the hopeless with great mercy. You support the fallen, heal the sick and release the captive. You maintain the faith of those who sleep in the dust. Who is like You, master of the mighty, and who compares to You, Sovereign of life and death, Source of salvation. You are the faithful guardian of all. Blessed are You, Adonai, Master of life and death. Tanach - Daniel Chapter 12 1. And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince who has charge of your people; and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never has been since there was a nation till that time; but at that time your people shall be saved, every one whose name shall be found written in the book. 2. And many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt. 3. And those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the firmament; and those who turn many to righteousness like the stars for ever and ever. Talmud - Mas. Sanhedrin 90b Sectarians asked Rabban Gamaliel: Whence do we know that the Holy One, blessed be He, will resurrect the dead? He answered them from the Torah, the Prophets, and the Hagiographa, yet they did not accept it [as conclusive proof]. ‘From the Torah’: for it is written, And the Lord said unto Moses, Behold, thou shalt sleep with thy fathers and rise up [again]...’(Deuteronomy 31:16) ‘From the prophets’: as it is written, Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake and sing, ye that dwell in the dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs, and the earth shall cast out its dead... (Isaiah 26:19)‘From the Hagiographa: as it is written, And the roof of thy mouth, like the best wine of my beloved, that goeth down sweetly, causing the lips of those that are asleep to speak. (Song of Solomon 7:9) Talmud - Mas. Sanhedrin 91b It has been taught: R. Meir said, Whence do we know resurrection from the Torah? From the verse, Then shall Moses and the children of Israel sing this song unto the Lord (Exodus 15:1): not sang but shall sing is written: thus resurrection is taught in the Torah. Likewise thou readest, Then shall Joshua build an altar unto the Lord God of Israel (Joshua 8:30): not built, but shall build is written: thus resurrection is intimated in the Torah.