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A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time. First species to colonize lifeless land. Usually, mosses and lichens. Plants that drop all of their leaves each fall or when water is scarce to reduce water loss. Any biotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms. Colonization of barren land by pioneer species. Sequence of changes that take place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions (ie. forest fire or logging). Portion of the marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate, therefore photosynthesis can occur. Deeper water that receives no sunlight. An area of characteristic climate, vegetation and animal life. Land biomes are called "terrestrial" and water biomes are called "aquatic." A water biome where fresh water empties into a salt water body creating a biome where organisms must be able to tolerate both. Portion of the shorline that lies between high and low tides. Plankton Two kinds - phytoplankton (plant-like organisms that form the bottom of the ocean food chain. Zooplankton feed upon phytoplankton. Because of the lack of sunlight, which leads to a lack of photosynthesis, which leads to a lack of O2. Less sunlight means fewer plants, which then means fewer animals. Coal. In the past there has always been a correlation between CO2 and temperature. The CO2 has never been this high. Sea level rise due to melting polar ice caps.