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Transcript
Civ IN- PowerPoint text from Week 4 First Midterm Exam • Student Academic Support • Chapters 1 through 3, possibly Chapter 4 – Depending on how far we get by the end of tonight’s class • 40-45 objective questions • 1 essay (out of 3) • Lecture 4A- Becoming Greek I) City States: Corinth, Sparta, Athens II) First Persian Invasion III) Second Persian Invasion IDs: Eunomia Helots Ekklesia Solon Peisistratus Barbarians Darius Miletus despotism Marathon Trireme Ostracism Xerxes Thermopyle Salamis • The Poet Tyraues on the phalanx (around 650 BC) “ Stand near and take the enemy, strike with long spear or sword, set foot by foot, lean shield on shield, crest on crest, helmet on helmet.” Wider involvement- 25 to 40 percent of landowners • Growing Political Tension- Result #2 Tyrants: Members of the elite Appeal to commoners (hoplites) Progressive reforms Built upon precedents Short-lived dynasties • Religion in Archaic Greece More “democratic” influence Civic religion Reason and mythology Secular knowledge: Science Philosophy • Examples of Archaic Cities: Eunomia (“good order”) in Corinth Sparta Athens • City-States in Archaic Greece Corinth - commercial center - c. 650 BC- Periander’s canal - great wealth • City-States in Archaic Greece Corinth Sparta • Sparta Population growth Conquest Helots Extreme application of phalanx Isolation • City-States in Archaic Greece Corinth Sparta Athens • Athenian tyrants and democracy (7th and 6th Centuries BC) Defining democracy - “popular participation in government” 621 BC- Draco 594 BC- Solon Debt-slavery and ekklesia 546 BC- Peisistratus State loans 508 BC- Cleisthenes Direct democracy • II) First Persian Invasion • Greek influence in the Mediterranean • 1st Persian War (vs. Darius): Darius enters Europe- 512 BC Persian Empire Revolt in Miletus- 499 BC - Support (fr. Athens) - Persian suppression Athenian propaganda: Democracy vs. despotism Persian invasion- 490 BC Battle of Marathon • Battle of Marathon Larger Persian army Greek strategy Phalanx Greek victory March to Athens Lasting “message” Superiority of the phalanx • Trireme • Ostracism Effect of victory over Persian despotism Started by Themistocles Safeguard vs. tyranny Potential threats 6,000 votes 10-year exile and loss of property Democratic? • III) Second Persian Invasion • Persian Empire • Second Persian Invasion Xerxes 2nd Persian invasion- 480 BC 250K men Northern cities surrender Sparta joins defense vs. Persians • Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) 40K Greek troops Mountain pass Three days “Go tell the Spartans, you have read, we have fought, and now we are dead.” • Battle of Salamis Athenian fleet of triremes Decision to fight Greek victory Persian retreat • “Greek Fire” • Results of the Second Persian War Thermoplyae Salamis Results: - army- Sparta - navy- Athens Postwar leadership- Athens • Lecture 4B: The “Golden Age” of Athens I) Athenian Empire II) Athenian Thought IDs: Delian League Pericles Demagogue Peloponnesian Wars “survivors” Sophism Socrates “The Cave” Sophocles • Delian League (478 BC- 404 BC) Delian League -naval protection vs. Persians -Athenian domination -funds -duties -garrisons -coercion -rival alliance Plato Thucydides Postwar glory - Democracy Naval protection Athenian leadership Athenian Empire? Delian funds Citadels Tolls Coercion • Internal Contradictions and Athenian Democracy 1) Limited vote-women, slaves, metics 2) Collective basis, not individual 3) “safeguards”- ostracism, term limits 4) Result- demagogues (ex. Pericles) • Pericles (r. 461-430 BC) Demagogue: - using popular prejudices for political gain -appealed to thetes -elevated larger councils -aggressive toward other polis • Athenian Sophism Athenian use of reason during “the Golden Age of Athens” (5th Century BC) Relativism: “Man is the measure.” Schools • Sophism at work- Athenian imperialism: Athenians: “. . . You know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they can the weak suffer what they must. . . . We would desire to exercises empire over you without trouble, and see you preserved for the good of us both. Melians: “And how, pray, could it turn out as good for us to serve you to rule?” Athenians: “Because you would have the advantage of submitting before suffering the worst, and we should gain by not destroying you.” Melians: “So you would not consent to our being neutral, friends instead of enemies, but allies of neither side?” Athenians: “No, for your hostility cannot so much hurt us as your friendship will be an argument to our subjects of our weakness, and your enmity of our power.” • The Peloponnesian Wars 1st war- 431-421BC Pericles Delian League vs. Spartan League Fight vs. Corinth (SL) Stalemate 2nd war- 415-404 Alliances Athenian defeat “Survivors” • II) Athenian Thought • Socrates (c. 470-399 BC) Reaction vs. sophists Search for real and absolute truths Socratic method- questioning experts Accused of “corrupting the youth” • Trial of Socrates- “The Apology” Socrates put on trial Convicted and sentenced to death Visited by Plato and friends Refuses to flee • Plato (428-347 BC) Socratic method Metaphysical search for “The Forms” (“goodness, truth, and beauty”) “The Cave” • Plato’s Cave “Captives” Light and shadows Source of light “The Forms” • Aristotle (384-322 BC) Student of Plato’s Tutored Alexander Focused on logic Denied the Forms Instead, science and observation • Ancient History (“Inquiries”) Herodotus- Persian Wars: Panorama Thucydides- Peloponnesian Wars: Human self-interest Literature: Sophocles • I) Lecture 4C- Hellenism Alexander II) Hellenistic Empire IDs: Philip of Macedonia Alexander the Great Alexander’s heir Hellenistic cities “Koine” Cynics Epicurians Stoics • Effects of the Peloponnesian War No winners, only “survivors” Decline of poleis Mercenaries replace hoplites Disillusionment w/in cities Alliance with Persians • Macedonian expansion (after Pelo. Wars) • Philip of Macedon • Alexander the Great (355-323 BC) Young son of Philip Tutored by Aristotle Modeled himself on Achilles Invasion of Persian Empire • Alexander in Battle • Alexander the Great’s Empire • Alexander in Persepolis • II) Hellenistic Empire • Alexander’s Empire and the “Known World” (ca. 225 BC) • Death of Alexander the Great Relatively young No mature heirs Surrounded by generals “To the strongest” • Hellenistic Kingdoms (from “Hellenes”) • Alexandria • Library at Alexandria (Egypt) • Greek schools of philosophy (ca. 300 BC)- Cynics Epicurians Stoics