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AP WORLD HISTORY – PERIOD I (8000-­‐600BCE) Review Unit 1 -­‐ August 4 -­‐ 19. Study questions due August 18/19 Ø During the Paleolithic era hunting and foraging bands of humans migrated from East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climatic regions, including the use of fire, developing a wider range of tools, and exchanging people, ideas, and goods. Ø In response to warming climates at the end of the last ice age (when the Neolithic era began, about 10,000 years ago) some groups adapted to the environment in new ways including settled agriculture which resulted in a more reliable but less diverse food supply. They impacted the environment through selection of plants, use of irrigation systems, and the domestication of animals for food and labor. Ø Others developed a way of life based on herding (pastoralism), which, while less environmentally impactful, led to social changes. Ø The resulting societies experienced population growth which led to more complex societies including urban life. Male dominance (patriarchy) and forced labor systems (serfdom, slavery, etc.) developed. Generally, social and economic systems became dramatically more complex with elite men accumulating wealth and power. Ø Technological innovation led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation including pottery, plows, woven textiles, metallurgy, and wheeled vehicles. Ø Urban societies developed from about 5000 years ago which led to the first civilizations which shared important features including cities, armies, religious power structures, political organizations, and specialization of labor (e.g. wheel-­‐makers), and record keeping. Wealth was accumulated leading to warfare between settled communities and with their pastoralist neighbors, which in turn led to a demand for more technologies of war and city defense. Ø Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished, giving rise to the first states. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art and architecture. Ø Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and trans-­‐regional. Ø New religious beliefs developed which continued to have strong influences in later periods, including the Vedic religion (India), Hebrew Monotheism (early Judaism), and Zoroastrianism (Persia). Vocabulary for 3x5 cards: Paleolithic (old stone) age, Neolithic (new stone) age, hunting and gathering, migration*, domestication*, nomadic pastoralism*, agriculture*, patriarchy*, urbanization*, metallurgy*, Bronze Age, slash and burn agriculture, civilization, specialization*, social stratification*, Mesopotamia, Sumeria, cuneiform, ziggurat, Hammurabi’s Law Code, Pharoah, ma’at*, pyramids. (* = not defined in textbook) Study Questions. Answer each of the following study questions in a single paragraph. Read the passages/pages indicated then use your vocabulary cards to help you answer the questions. DO NOT INCLUDE THE PROMPT IN YOUR ANSWERS. Use and underline the vocabulary as directed by each prompt. I envision each answer to be no more than one half page, double-­‐spaced. Please use size 12 font, Calibri and 1’ margins. Question 1. Reference pages 10-­‐12. Also download and listen to the History of the World in 100 Objects, episode 5, “Clovis spear point”. As you are listening to the podcast look at the spear point at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/hLAME-­‐wiTyaZU2KQf-­‐P5vA Prompt: Identify two factors leading to (causing) human migration out of Africa and ultimately into most regions of Earth during the Paleolithic period. Your factors should represent two different categories from the following list: geographic/environmental, economic, technological, cultural. Use and underline the following vocabulary in your one paragraph answer: Paleolithic age, hunting and gathering, migration Question 2. Reference pages 12-­‐14 Prompt: Analyze how human’s relationship with the environment changed with the development of nomadic pastoralism and sedentary agriculture. vocabulary (use as above): Neolithic (new stone) age, domestication, nomadic pastoralism, sedentary agriculture, slash and burn agriculture. Question 3. Reference pages 15-­‐16, 22-­‐23 (stop at “Tigris-­‐Euphrates Civilization). Prompt: Identify the most important social and economic changes resulting from the development of sedentary civilization. Make sure you provide support for your answer. vocabulary: patriarchy, urbanization, specialization, social stratification Question 4. Reference pages 15 -­‐16. Download and listen to the History of the World in 100 Objects episode 10, “Jomon Pot . As you are listening to the podcast look at the pot at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/tKmMd2a9SBuOeTay4eiStQ Also, download and listen to the History of the World in 100 Objects, episode 15, “Early Writing Tablet”. As you are listening to the podcast look at the tablet at http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/TnAQ0B8bQkSJzKZFWo6F-­‐g Prompt: How do pottery, writing, and metallurgy represent technological adaptation in two different stages of human societal development (pottery in the Paleolithic, writing and bronze metallurgy in the early Bronze Age)? How was each technology important for the time period in which it was developed? vocabulary: Paleolithic age, Neolithic age, pottery, cuneiform, urbanization, metallurgy, Bronze Age, Civilization Question 5. Reference pages 23 (from “Tigris-­‐Euphrates Civilization”) – 30 (stop at “River Valley Civilization in India”). Prompt: Compare (and contrast) ways in which the Tirgis-­‐Euphrates and Egyptian civilizations maintained political and social order. vocabulary: Mesopotamia, Sumeria, ziggurat, Hammurabi’s Law Code, Pharoah, ma’at, pyramids.