Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Urethroplasty wikipedia , lookup
Urinary tract infection wikipedia , lookup
Interstitial cystitis wikipedia , lookup
Kidney stone disease wikipedia , lookup
Renal angina wikipedia , lookup
IgA nephropathy wikipedia , lookup
Kidney transplantation wikipedia , lookup
Chronic kidney disease wikipedia , lookup
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease wikipedia , lookup
The Urinary System SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu The Urinary System Composition Kidney 肾-form urine Ureter 输尿管-conduct urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder 膀胱-receives and stores urine Urethra 尿道-conducts urine from bladder to exterior of body (discharged) Kidney General features Bean shaped, reddish-brown organs Superior extremity-broad and thin Inferior extremity-narrow and thick Anterior surface-convex Posterior surface-flat Lateral border-convex Kidney Medial border-concave Renal hilum -a vertical slit on the medial border of kidney Renal pedicle - the structures which enter and leave the renal hilum,including the renal vein, renal artery, renal pelvis, lymphatic vessels and nerves Order of structures in the renal pedicle From anterior to posterior-V. A. P. From superior to inferior-A. V. P. Kidney Renal sinus The renal hilum extends into a large cavity within the kidney Occupied by the renal vessels, minor renal calices, major renal calices, renal pelvis and some adipose tissue Renal structure Renal cortex Renal medulla renal columns Renal pyramids (15~20) Renal papilla Papillary foramina Minor renal calices (7-8) Major renal calices (2~3) Renal pelvis Coverings of kidney Fibrous capsule -a strong fibrous capsule which strips easily from a normal kidney surface but adheres firmly to an organ that has been inflamed Coverings of kidney Fatty renal capsule Renal fascia -a thick adipose connective tissue capsule, surrounds the fibrous capsule. It acts as a shock absorber to protect the kidney from jolting and jarring -on outside, surrounds both the kidney and suprarenal gland, holding these organs in place Position of Kidney Lie behind the peritoneum high up on the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the vertebral column Upper pole nearer to media plan than lower pole Position of Kidney Left kidney lies at the level from the lower border of T11 to L2; the 12th rib is behind its middle part of the post surface Right kidney lies slightly lower than the left kidney, at the level from the upper border of T12 to L3; the 12th rib is behind its upper part of the post surface Renal hilum at the level of L1, is about 5cm from the posterior median line Renal region-the area between 12th rib and the lateral margin of erector spinae Position of Kidney Relations of kidneys Superiorly-superarenal gland Posteriorly Three muscles Diaphragm (pleural cavity), Psoas major Quadratus lumborum Three nerves Subcostal n. Iliohypogastric n. Ilioinguinal n. Medial Left kidney-abdominal aorta Right kidney-inferior vena cava Relations of kidneys Anteriorly Left kidney Stomach (superior) Tail of pancreas and splenic vessels (middle) Loops of intestine and left colic flexure (inferior) Right kidney Right lobe of liver (superior) Right colic flexure (inferior) Descending part of duodenum (medially) Renal segments The kidney is divided into five vascular segments and each is supplied by a branch of the renal artery; between the segments there is no anastomosis. The segments are Superior segment Superior anterior segment Inferior anterior segment Inferior segment Posterior segment Ureters Muscular tube, about 25cm long Three parts Abdominal part-descend on the psoas major behind the peritoneum Pelvic part-in females, passes 2cm lateral to the neck of uterus and lies below the uterine artery Intramural part-passes obliquely through the bladder wall for 2cm long Three constrictions of Ureters 1. At the pelvoureteric junction 2. Where it crosses the pelvic inlet and iliac vessels 3. Where it pierces the bladder wall obliquely (at intramural part) Multislice CT urogram. Coronal reformat showing the enhancing renal parenchyma and both ureters along their entire length. Relation of abdominal part of ureter Anterior to left ureter Anterior to right ureter Duodenojejunal flexure Left colic vessels Testicular vessels Descending part of duodenum Right colic vessels Iliocolic vessels Testicular vessels Terminal part of ileum Right to right ureter Cecum Vermiform appendix Bladder General features -pyramidal in shape when empty, having Apex Fundus Body of bladder Neck Interior of bladder ★Trigone of bladder Smooth triangular area at inner surface of the funds of bladder Formed by internal urethral orifice anteriorly and two ureteric orifices laterally In this area absents submucosal layer, where the mucous membrane is firmly adherent to the muscular coat, and is always smooth Interureteric fold -muscular elevation, between ureteric orifices. Location of bladder In the adult, it lies in the lesser pelvis, behind the pubic symphysis, in front of seminal vesicle, ampulla ductus deferentis and rectum in the male, and in front of uterus and vagina in the female. In the young child the empty bladder projects above the pelvic inlet Urethra Female urethra Relatively short (about 5cm long), wide and straight Opens into vaginal vestibule