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Chapter 21 Blood
1. Know what makes up the following parts of the blood:
Erythrocytes are made up of = red blood cells
Buffy coat = platelets and leukocytes
Plasma= water 92%, proteins 7%, solutes 1%
2. State what erythrocytes lack that other blood cells have.
They lack a nucleus and other cellular machinery, because of this they cannot repair themselves
when damaged
3. Describe the shape of an erythrocyte.
Shape = bio-concave
Shape enables them to bend while going through capillaries
4. Explain what molecule in erythrocytes carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The Hemoglobin molecule binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
5. Name the organs that are responsible for recycling old erythrocytes.
The spleen and liver recycle old erythrocytes.
6. Explain the functions of leukocytes.
They are white blood cells and are part of our immune system. They fight the germs that cause
disease and infections, protect us against any foreign agent that appears to be a threat. They
are also part of the buffy coat.
7. Understand where blood cells are made.
They are produced in the bone marrow and come from one type of germ cell.
8. Identify white blood cells on a microscope slide.
9. Explain the function of platelets.
The responsibility of the platelets is to stop the bleeding when there is an injury to the body.
A blood clot must be formed to seal the wound. Platelets stick to injured blood vessels and
create a pile of platelets (platelet party) and begin the clotting process. The fibrin collects
over the platelets and trap erythrocytes, resulting in a scab.
Chapter 22 Heart
1. Explain the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation = the circuit through the lungs where blood is oxygenated.
*Flow and gas exchange in lungs.
*Carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns
oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Systemic circulation = the circuit through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood.
* Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated
blood back to the heart.
2. Explain the pathway of a blood cell from the right atrium through the circulation back
to the right atrium, including all the cavities, arteries, veins, and valves blood passes
through.
Oxygen-depleted blood from the body leaves the systemic circulation when it enters the right
atrium through the superior and inferior venae cavae. The blood is then pumped through the
tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, blood is pumped through the
pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery splits into the right and
left pulmonary arteries and travel to each lung. At the lungs, the blood travels through capillary
beds on the alveoli where respiration occurs , removing carbon dioxide and adding oxygen to the
blood. The alveoli are air sacs in the lungs that provide the surface for gas exchange during
respiration. The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs through pulmonary veins, which returns
it to the left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit. Once entering the left heart, the blood
flows through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood is
pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta to travel through systemic circulation, delivering
oxygenated blood to the body before returning again to the pulmonary circulation.