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Lecture 1 what is mean Syntax : a. the part of grammar explaining how morphemes are put together to construct word B. the description of how words, phrases, and clauses are constructed and combined in a language. C. are parts of words, i.e. stems, prefixes, and suffixes. For example, un + friend + ly contains three morphemes: a prefix un, a stem friend, and a suffix ly What's mean Grammar : A. the part of grammar explaining how morphemes are put together to construct words B. the description of how words, phrases, and clauses are constructed and combined in a language C. the analysis of the structure of phrases and sentences consists of one or more phrases, what is it : A. clause B. phrase C. word consists of one or more morphemes. ,what is it : A. clause B. phrase C. word Grammatical units are described in terms of four factors .what are they : A.structure, their syntactic role, their meaning, and the way they are used in discourse. B. structure, their syntactic role, C. structure are generally considered to be the basic elements of language: A.Words B. sentences C. nothing Different senses of the word ‘word’: A. Orthographic words. B. Grammatical words. C. Lexemes D. All the above Lexical words. Function words.Inserts, What are these : A.Three major families of words B. Different senses of the word ‘word C. nothings Lexical words : A. the main carriers of in information in a text or a speech act B. They can be subdivided into the following parts of speech: (nouns, lexical verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. C. the most numerous, and their number are growing all the time D. All the above Open class : A. Lexical words B. Function words Close class : A. Function words B. Lexical words They are generally the words that stressed most in speech.: A. Lexical words. B. Function words. C. Inserts. can be categorized in terms of parts of speech such as prepositions, coordinators, auxiliary verbs, and pronouns.: A. Lexical words. B. Function words. C. Inserts Function words: A. They usually indicate meaning relationships and help us interpret units containing lexical words, by showing how the units are related to each other B. Function words belong to (closed classes), which have a very limited and fixed membership. C. Individual function words tend to occur frequently, and in almost any type of text D. All the above are found mainly in spoken language.. , what is it : A. Lexical words. B. Function words. C. Inserts Inserts, What are they : A. do not form an integral part of the a syntactic structure, but tend to inserted freely in a text. B. They are often marked off by a break in intonation in speech, or by a punctuation mark in writing: e.g. Well, we made it. C. They generally carry emotional and discourse meanings, such as oh D. Inserts are generally simple in form, though they often have an atypical pronunciation K. All the Above contains a limited number of members, and new members cannot be easily added: A.Closed class B. Open class indefinitely large, and can be readily extended by users of the language: A.Closed class B. Open class structure of words : morphology what are they : A. Inflection B.Derivation C.compounding D. All the above Lexical words can take inflectional suffixes to signal meanings and roles which are important to their word class: A. Inflection B.Derivation C.compounding like inflection, usually involve adding an affix, i.e. a morpheme attached to the beginning of a word (a prefix) or to the end of a word ( a suffix).: A. Inflection B. Derivation C. compounding Inflection and derivation result in complex words, with a stem plus one or more affixes. Another form of derivation: A. Inflection B.Derivation C.compounding Lecture 2 There are four main classes of lexical words: A. nouns, lexical verbs, adjectives, and adverbs B. nouns, lexical verbs C. function words Words such as book, girl, gold, information are: A. common nouns B. proper nouns C. just nouns Words such as Sarah, Oslo, Microsoft (names): A. common nouns B. proper nouns C. just nouns Morphological: Nouns: A.have inflectional suffixes for plural numbers B. are uncountable, and cannot have a plural form (e.g. gold C. nouns with derivational suffixes (e.g. sing+ er, friend+ship D. All the above Syntactic: Nouns: A. can occur as the head of a noun phrase B. common nouns such as book and person can be modified by many kinds of words C. Proper nouns like Sarah, rarely have any modifiers D. All the above Semantic: Nouns: A. nothings B. commonly refer to concrete, physical entities ,can also denote abstract entities what is lexical verbs : A. Auxiliary verbs like can and will B.The primary verbs be, have and do )يعني كلاهماC. both of it ( Morphological: Lexical verbs: A. have different forms signaling tense ( present & past), aspect ( perfect & progressive), and voice ( active & passive) B. Verb lexemes quite often have a complex form with more than one morpheme C. both of it Syntactic: Lexical verbs : A. frequently occur on their own B. as a single-word verb phrase acting as the central part of the clause C. They also occur in the final or main verb position of verb phrase D. All the above : Semantic: Lexical verbs A. denote actions, processes, and states of affairs that happen or exist in time B. They also define the role of human and non-human participants in such actions C. both of it Words such as dark, heavy, eager, and guilty : A. verbs B. nouns C. adjective adjectives can take inflectional suffixes –er: A. Comparative B. superlative adjectives can take inflectional suffixes –est: A. Comparative B. superlative adjectives e.g. (color-blind), (home-made : A. Adjectives B. Compound adjectives Syntactic: Adjectives : A. can occur as the head of an adjective phrase: ( very dark) B. Adjectives and adjective phrases are most commonly used as modifiers preceding the head of a noun phrase C. both of it Semantic: Adjectives : A. describe the qualities of people, things, and abstractions: a heavy box B. Many adjectives are gradable C. That is, they can be compared and modified for the degree or level of the quality: heavier D. All the above Words such as now, there, usually, and finally what is it : A. nouns B. adverbs C. adjective are formed from adjectives by adding the suffix –ly: A. nouns B. adverbs C. adjective Syntactic: Adverbs : A. occur as head of adverb phrases: ( very noisily) B. with or without their own modifiers C. are often used as modifiers of an adjective or another adverb: (really old) D. they can act as adverbials in the clause K. All the above Semantic:Adverbs : A. As modifiers, adverbs most often express the degree of a following adjective or adverb B. As elements of clauses ( adverbials), C. both of it adverbs and adverb phrases have a wide range of meanings : A. They can modify an action, process, or state, by expressing such notions as time, place, and manner B. They can convey the speaker’s or writer’s attitude towards the information in the rest of the clause C. They can express a connection with what was said earlier D. All the above are clearly the most common types of words overall ,what are they : A. Nouns and verbs B. adjective Adjectives are linked to : A. nouns B. verbs Adverbs, on the other hand, are linked to : A. nouns B. verbs