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Foundations in Vedic Astrology (Jyotisha)
Lesson 1
Foundations in Vedic Astrology (Jyotisha)
by Vaughn Paul Manley, M.A.
Topics Covered in this Lesson:
1.
2.
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4.
5.
The Origins of Jyotish
Foundations in Vedic Philosophy
Foundations in the Practice of Jyotish
Student Resource Guide
Exercises and Homework
The Origins of Jyotish
India - The land of the Vedas
Traditionally known as 'Bharata'
The Definition of Jyotish
Vedic astrology is the traditional system of astrology of India that is at least 5000
years old. It is also known as Jyotish, Indian astrology, Eastern astrology, or
Hindu astrology.
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Foundations in Vedic Astrology (Jyotisha)
Vedic astrology is traditionally known as Jyotish (pronounced “joe-teesh”) or
Jyotisha, which is a compound word with two roots, Jyoti, which means “light,”
and Ishwara, which means “lord.” Literally Jyotish means the “lord of light,” and is
often translated as the “science of light.” The ‘light’ refers to the divine light,
which is the root cause of creation, and is inherent within the individual soul (jiva)
as well as the stars and planets that govern the individual soul through the law of
karma. A common definition of Jyotisha is:
Jyotisha suryadi grahanam bodhaka shastram
"Jyotish is the knowledge that explains the planetary motions and
their effect on individuals."
Every human event can be described in astrological terms, which is the reason
why Jyotish is considered a predictive science.
K.N. Rao says, “Astrology is an all-encompassing
subject – it is the science of sciences because it deals
with the influence of the planets on man and his entire
world.”
This course begins with background information regarding the origins,
philosophy, and foundations in the practice of Jyotish that will help you develop
an appreciation for this profound tradition.
The Vedas
Whether you are consciously aware of it or not, when you study Jyotish you are
part of an ancient tradition that is more than 5000 years old. This is a something
to understand and take pride in, which is why it’s the first thing to discuss in the
course.
At some time in India’s history, between 3500-6000 B.C., (the exact date is
subject to scholarly debate), there existed an advanced civilization, not in
technological terms, but in spiritual attainment. The sages or seers that lived at
that time brought forth, through intuitive revelation, many great religious texts
which have survived to this day. Foremost among these are the Vedas or source
books of India’s great spiritual tradition:
1) Rig Veda
2) Yajur Veda
3) Sama Veda
4) Atharva Veda
The word "Veda" means "knowledge," and the Vedas are considered to contain
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Foundations in Vedic Astrology (Jyotisha)
the essence of all knowledge. These were written in the form of mantras and
hymns that reveal man’s connection to the divine and the structure of the
cosmos, including basic concepts of astronomy. In addition to the Vedas, many
other sacred texts of ancient India, like the Puranas, and Upanishads, form the
largest collection of religious literature in the world. It’s interesting to note that
these texts were designed to be sung, or chanted, as an oral tradition and
passed down from generation to generation before they were recorded in literary
form. The chanting of ancient texts is an unbroken tradition that
still exists in India.
From the Vedic civilization came many traditional disciplines like Jyotish,
Ayurveda (healing), Vastu (architecture), dance, music, art, systems of worship
etc. each that can be traced to a lineage of great sages. This is India’s rich
cultural heritage.
Because of India's tradition of sages that goes back to before recorded history,
its culture has always valued and cultivated the spiritual development of its
people. Whenever someone decides to renounce their worldly attachments and
become a sannyasi (monk), or a sadhu (wandering holy person), then it's
generally admired. Indian people consider it an honor to feed them. Western
countries are obviously completely different. Anyone who decides to renounce
the world is denigrated as a failure and a bum. The benefit to India's culture due
to its 'system' of supporting their holy people can not be measured.
When I visited holy pilgrimage places in India, like Gangotri - the source of the
Ganges, India's holiest river, I was amazed to see so many holy men. Their eyes
and physical appearance were timeless and radiant.
Gangotri sadhu
In the tradition of Jyotish there are eighteen sages that have brought this
knowledge into manifestation through an unbroken lineage: Surya, Pitamahah,
Vyasa, Vashishtha, Atri, Parashara, Kashyapa, Narada, Garga, Marichi, Manu,
Angira, Lomasha, Paulisha, Chayavana, Yavana, Bhrigu and Saunaka. Of these,
sage Parashara stands out as the father of Vedic astrology. This is likely
because his text, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, is the only text of the original
sages that has survived, and is now the primary authoritative text.
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Sage Parashara was the father of Veda Vyasa who compiled the Vedas and
other important texts, like the Mahabharata, and the Puranas.
Veda Vyasa, son of Sage Parashara & compiler of the Vedas
It is mentioned in classic texts that sage Narada originally received the
knowledge of Jyotish from Brahma, the Creator. Narada then taught the
knowledge to sage Saunaka, who wrote the Rig Veda, which is considered to be
the oldest book in the world. Sage Parashara was the disciple of sage Saunaka.
The Six Limbs of the Vedas
The four Vedas have six Vedangas or ‘limbs of the Vedas,” which are
supplemental bodies of knowledge that assist in understanding the Vedas
themselves. These are:
1) Vyakarana (Grammar – the mouth of the Veda)
2) Chandas (Metre – the feet of the Veda)
3) Nirukta (Etymology – the ears of the Veda)
4) Shiksha (Pronunciation– the nose of the Veda)
5) Kalpa (Rituals – the hands of the Veda)
6) Jyotisha (Astrology – the eyes of the Veda)
Jyotish is considered the most important limb because it is the ‘eye' which gives
sight into the past, present and future. It’s the knowledge that helps us see when
it’s otherwise difficult to see. We consult the astrology chart when our vision is
hazy and we need perspective. Nothing provides a comprehensive, bird’s eye
perspective like Jyotish. For this reason it is considered the most important limb,
or body of knowledge, of the six vedangas.
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The Three Divisions of Jyotish
There are three broad divisions of Jyotish, or skandas: Siddhanta,
Samhita, and Hora.
1) Siddhanta: Astronomy as related to astrology, which is calculations and
observational astronomy. Sub branches:
- Ganita: Astronomical/astrological calculations that determine the positions
of the planets, stars etc.
- Gola: Observational and spherical astronomy that determines the
relationship of planets, stars etc.
2) Samhita: Astrology of the collective or mundane predictive astrology. This
determines mass trends effecting nations and society at large: weather,
economy, politics, etc.
3) Hora: Astrology of the individual or natal horoscopy, which is by far the most
popular branch of astrology. Sub branches:
- Jataka: Interpreting the natal horoscope or natal astrology
- Prashna: Answering questions or horary astrology
- Nimitta (or Shakuna): Interpreting omens or omenology
- Muhurta: Timing important events or electional astrology.
This course focuses almost exclusively on Jataka or natal astrology since this is
the most popular area of Jyotish. Traditionally ganita was very important because
the astrologer would have to understand astronomy and calculate the natal
horoscope by hand. With the advent of computers and software programs, most
astrologers just eliminate these time consuming steps. This course, however, will
teach important manual calculations that K.N. Rao strongly suggests students
learn.
Many astrologers will utilize prashna and nimitta during a Vedic astrology reading
as additional tools to increase accuracy in interpretation. Prashna entails
analyzing the chart of the exact moment that a client asks an important question.
Nimitta involves being aware of and analyzing omens that take place during the
course of the reading. Prashna and nimitta will both be taught later in the course.
Selecting a muhurta or a beneficial time to initiate an important activity is another
sub branch within hora. This helps to insure that the activity yields the maximum
fruits and is often chosen for religious ceremonies, marriage ceremonies, signing
important documents for a new business, or home purchase etc.
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The Five Systems of Jyotish
In India, Jyotish is often compared to a vast ocean. When I first met R.
Santhanam, the translator of the classic text, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, he
first asked me, “Why are you here?” I said, “I want to learn Jyotish.” He
shrugged, “Jyotish is an ocean. You can’t learn it in one lifetime. It takes many
lifetimes.” K.N. Rao has been known to say that if one were to study Jyotish for
2000 years, over many lifetimes, that he/she would still only be able to absorb a
bucketful compared to the vast ocean which is the knowledge of Jyotish.
Unfortunately, much of the tradition of Jyotish has been lost. This is because
many of its secrets were never written down but were passed down orally from
teacher to student, or father to son. Often the knowledge did not get passed on to
future generations for various reasons. Of the knowledge that did get written
down, only a small percentage has been translated from the original Sanskrit into
English.
There are five broad systems of Jyotish:
1) Parashari – This is by far the most popular predictive system in both India and
outside of India, recorded by sage Parashara. Parashari Jyotish is generally what
we think of as Vedic astrology.
2) Jaimini – This is a lesser used predictive system that is also mentioned by
Sage Parashara, but is generally attributed to sage Jaimini. K.N. Rao has
popularized the practice of combining both Parashari and Jaimini systems in his
Composite Approach.
3) Nadi – A predictive system that detailed the lives of individuals on palm leaves
hundreds of years before they were born. Known as the Bhrigu system in North
India and the Nadi system in South India. Also includes an elaborate system for
birth rectification.
4) Tajak – A predictive system that combines Arabic, Western and
Vedic astrological principles for use primarily with progressed annual horoscopes
(Varshapal) and prashna systems.
5) Tantric – A rare system of Jyotish that emphasizes the use of mystical ritual,
mantra, tantra, and yantra etc.
This course focuses almost exclusively on Parashari jyotish. The Level III Course
will teach the Jaimini system and integrate it with the Parashari system, which is
the basis for K.N. Rao’s Composite Approach.
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Quiz #1: Keeping it all Straight - Which of the following is correct?
1. There are 4 Vedas, 3 Limbs, 6 Divisions and 5 Schools
2. There are 3 Vedas, 4 Limbs, 6 Divisions and 5 Schools
3. There are 4 Vedas, 6 Limbs, 3 Divisions, and 5 Schools
4. There are 3 Vedas, 6 Limbs, 3 Divisions, and 4 Schools
The answer is at the end of the lesson.
Ancient Sanskrit Text
Important Classical Texts
There are many important classical Vedic astrology texts. Here’s a partial
chronological list of texts that are readily available and have been translated into
English:
1) Rig Veda (~3700 B.C.) – Refers to the planets, constellations, and the 360
degree zodiac.
2) Suryasiddhanta (~3000 B.C.) – The primary authoritative text on Siddhanta,
containing important principles of Vedic astronomy.
3) Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – The primary
authoritative source text on Hora or natal astrology by sage Parashara outlining
the key principles of the Parashari system. Also contains principles of the Jaimini
system.
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4) Laghu Parashari (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – A concise book of 42 verses by sage
Parashara, that focuses on the effects of yogas and dashas.
5) Jaimini Sutras (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – The primary authoritative source text of
Jaimini Jyotish by the sage Jaimini. Also known as the Upadesha Sutras.
6) Garga Samhita (~3000 – 57 B.C.) – An authoritative text on Samhita or
mundane astrology by the sage Garga.
7) Uttara Kalamrita (~350 A.D.) – A concise text known for it’s detailed lists of
attributes for the planets, and houses. Attributed
to the poet Kalidasa.
8) Brihat Samhita (~500 A.D.) – Another authoritative text on Samhita or
mundane astrology by the sage Varahamihira.
9) Brihat Jataka (~500 A.D.) - An authoritative text on Hora or natal astrology by
the sage Varahamihira.
10) Saravali (~578 A.D.) – Sara means ‘essential.’ This is an essential text on all
aspects of natal astrology by sage Kalyana Varma. Divided into two volumes.
11) Jataka Parijata (~1300 A.D.) – Similar to Saravali but lengthier, by sage
Vaidyanath. Divided into three volumes.
12) Phaladeepika (~1500 A.D.) – An abbreviated version of the Jataka Parijata.
An authoritative text on natal astrology by sage Mantreshwara.
13) Sarvath Chintamani (~1500 A.D.) – An important text on the effects of
dashas and the 12 houses by sage Venkatesh Sharma.
Quiz #2: Which Statement is False?
1. The Laghu Parashari is the main text of the Parashari system
2. The Brihat Pararshara Hora Shastra is the main text of the Parashari system
3. The Jaimini Sutras is the main text of the Jaimini System
4. The Suryasiddhanta is the main text of Siddhanta or Vedic astronomy
The answer is at the end of the lesson.
Foundations in Vedic Philosophy
Vedic Astrology is a universal system of astrology. Some people assume that
because Jyotish originated in India that it is suitable only for Indians or Hindus,
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and that Westerners should practice Western astrology. This is simply not true.
Jyotish is a predictive system developed by India’s great sages for the benefit of
humanity. It is a system of astrology for all places and all times - universal and
timeless.
However, Jyotish is also obviously a part of a Hindu culture, being often referred
to as ‘Hindu Astrology’ and having originated in India, a predominately Hindu
country. As such, it carries with it many common Hindu beliefs.
K.N. Rao writes, “In the Hindu tradition there is such a clear linkage
between Jyotisha and religion that one cannot do without the other.
Unlike Western countries where astrologers have always faced
serious threats to their practice, in the Hindu tradition astrology is
woven into the fabric of religious practices and religious festivals.”
While this is true, it must also be emphasized that Jyotish is non-sectarian. It’s
definitely not necessary for a practioner to become a Hindu, or believe in the
Hindu tenets. However, it is important to have an understanding of the basic
concepts of Vedic philosophy that have informed the tradition of Jyotish since its
inception.
Natural aum symbol manifesting on the peak of Mount Kailash,
the most sacred mountain of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions.
Sanatana Dharma
Hinduism was originally referred to as Sanatana Dharma or “the eternal tradition
of Truth,” which suggests that Hinduism is not a set of man-made beliefs but a
perennial wisdom inherent to life itself. It is based on the phrase in the Rig Veda,
the world’s oldest known scripture:
ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti
"Truth is one, theologians call it by many names.”
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Because Hinduism recognizes truth in many forms it is a non-fundamentalist and
non-proselytizing tradition. There is no one founder, no one text, and no one set
of beliefs or practices that must be adhered to. It has innumerable sects and sub
traditions and contains the largest body of religious literature in the world.
Hinduism recognizes all the various paths to the divine and sees them as valid
because of the different temperaments and stages of development of individuals.
India is the birthplace of four of the world’s major religious traditions: Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, which are basically non-fundamentalist
traditions that promote religious tolerance. Hinduism itself is the oldest religion in
the world with an unbroken tradition of religious practices dating back more than
5000 years.
It is based In the Sankhya-Yoga philosophy (the yoga of knowledge) as
expounded in the great religious scriptures of India, such as the Bhagavad-Gita
or “The Song of the Lord.” This philosophy can be condensed into three
interrelated concepts: the existence of the soul, the law of karma, and
reincarnation.
The Existence of the Soul
Vedic philosophy expounds the concept of the existence of the soul or atman,
which is man/woman’s essential nature that transcends the body. The atman is
distinct from our ego and personality (jiva), which identifies with the body. The
belief is that everyone has within them an individual spark of the Divine. The
purpose of our existence is to dislodge our identification with the ego and identify
with the atman, which is our true nature. This process leads to self-realization,
liberation or moksha.
The Law of Karma
Vedic philosophy teaches that the individual soul (jiva) creates its own reality
through its thoughts, words and actions. The law of karma is the law of cause
and effect, which teaches that every action have a corresponding reaction. This
is described in the Christian Bible as ‘'Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he
also reap.' 3 Galatians vi. When our actions are life supporting and positive we
accumulate ‘good’ karma, and when our actions are negative or destructive, we
accumulate ‘bad’ karma. The events that unfold in our life are the result of our
corresponding good or bad karma of the past. For instance, if we’ve mishandled
money in the past then we may have difficult financial karma to face in the future.
If we’ve always been ethical in our social responsibilities then we will experience
positive relationship karma etc. An individual’s karma is the sub total of all his or
hers entire previous thoughts, words, and actions. We'll discuss karma in more
depth in Lesson 2.
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The cycle of birth, death and rebirth known as samsara
The Law of Reincarnation
Integral to the law of karma is the law of reincarnation, which teaches that our
souls pass from one body into another after death. Our karma is accumulated not
over one lifetime but over all our previous lifetimes. Likewise, we experience the
karmic effects or karma phala of our past actions over many future lifetimes, not
just one lifetime. Our karma keeps us in a continuous cycle of death and rebirth
known as samsara until we attain enlightenment, and are free of our karma. The
great astrologer, Dr. B.V. Raman said:
“The law of karma operates through a series of births. Man has to
suffer the consequences of his actions until he succeeds in
regulating his action by true knowledge and wisdom.” - Keynote
address at the 1st international symposium on Vedic Astrology.
I remember when I was a teenager a friend of mine said, “You know that we keep
reincarnating until we achieve enlightenment, don’t you?” I remember being
absolutely shocked but saying, "Wow, that makes perfect sense!"
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Our natal chart is believed to be a snapshot of our karma from previous lives.
Specifically, it is not all our karma (sanchita karma) but just the portion
(prarabdha karma) that we are destined to experience in this lifetime. Jyotish can
be defined as the study of karma, which is why we’ll be devoting the entire next
lesson to this topic.
The Four Primary Motivations
Another concept of Vedic philosophy that is integral to the study of Jyotish is the
four primary motivations or the four purusharthas – dharma, artha, kama, and
moksha. Collectively, they represent all the motivations and desires that
encompass human life. Some desires produce negative karma and keep us in
the cycle of death and rebirth, while some produce positive karma and lead to
spiritual liberation. Human life is always a mixture of these four impulses, but at
any given time we will be primarily motivated in one direction. Generally, dharma
and moksha are spiritual motivations that promote liberation, while artha and
kama are material motivations that lead to more suffering.
Dharma
Dharma represents our need for purpose and meaning in our lives. We naturally
want to progress towards an ideal, and express ourselves in a way that inspires
us. This will be different for each person.
Sri Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita says, “One’s own dharma, though
imperfect, is better than the dharma of another well performed.”
Ch3. v 35.
Dharma is sometimes translated as responsibilities or duties. A more apt
definition, in my opinion, is ‘doing what we were born to do.’ It represents our
‘passion,’ what 'turns us on' or inspires us, or what we feel strongly about. It
usually involves creative expression, philosophical, religious or spiritual ideals,
and spiritual practices. Dharma is also translated as righteousness, or ethical,
positive actions that benefit us, and others.
Artha
Artha represents our tangible, physical needs that help us fulfill our purpose. We
need food, exercise, health, money, wealth, work, resources, belongings, etc.
Artha represents our need to acquire whatever it is that provides our physical
sustenance.
Kama
Kama represents our need to experience enjoyment through the fulfillment of
desires particularly in relationships, sexuality, social interactions, sharing ideas,
and engaging in hobbies, etc. Kama is often translated as desire, or the need to
do what we want.
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Moksha
Moksha represents our need for spiritual liberation. At some point
we need to be free of the suffering that is a part of our finite human experience,
and connect with the Infinite, whatever that means to us or form it takes. This
represents transcendent religious or spiritual experiences that ultimately lead to
final liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth. Regarding the four motivations
B.V. Raman said:
“These four aspects of life in this world must not conflict with one
another; they must not hamper the onward march for final
emancipation. Astrology is said to help a man in his life’s journey,
enabling him to pass through the various vicissitudes of life covering
these four purusharthas, avoiding pitfalls and taking advantage of
the favorable opportunities for bettering his material, moral and
spiritual life.”
Quiz #3: Which two motivations are the most tangible and materialistic?
1. Artha and Kama
2. Dharma and Artha
3. Kama and Moksha
The answer is at the end of the lesson.
Foundations in the Practice of Jyotish
The Sacred Tradition of Jyotish
Why is Jyotish considered a sacred tradition? It's because it reveals God’s
hidden laws of karma. The natal chart reveals the intricacies of a soul’s karma,
their journey through time, and the multi-faceted purpose of their incarnation.
That moment of birth is so powerful that one’s whole life can be explained from it.
As we learn and practice Jyotish we attune ourselves to the mind of God that is
operating through the life of a soul. It is a rare privilege and sacred responsibility.
We gain insight into the past, present and future. We take small steps that
ultimately lead to the omniscience of God.
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K.N. Rao writes in Yogis, Destiny and the Wheel of Time,
"Astrology should be treated as a part of sadhana (spiritual practice)
was the advice of my late Guruji, Swami Paramanand Saraswati, my
mantra guru. Every great and true mahatma (great soul) I have met,
has called it both sacred and a vidya (valid field of knowledge)."
Unfortunately, astrology is not recognized today as a valid science or a valid
occupation. Because its practice is completely unregulated anyone can represent
astrology in any manner whatsoever, especially now over the internet.
Consequently, its original intention as divine knowledge given to us by great
sages for the benefit of humanity has become obscured. It's become associated
with fortune telling, cheap parlor games, fanciful superstition, tabloid astrology
columns etc.
The purpose of this first lesson is to instill an awareness of the divine origins, the
depth and scope this great tradition. Why is it important to understand the
sacredness of the practice of Jyotish? When we realize that something is sacred
we treat it with respect, and give it our full attention. With an attitude of respect
we gain the most from our study, and we’re able to give the most through our
practice of it.
The great sage of the 19th century Sri Ramakrishna said, "Respect
is heaven, respect is liberation."
This is the ideal attitude to have as we begin this great study of Jyotish. In a
recent interview K.N. Rao said,
"The intention with which people get into and practice astrology is
very important. Further, in learning any vidya or knowledge, it is the
attitude that matters."
Quiz #4: What are your intentions in learning Jyotish?
1. I would like to satisfy an intellectual curiosity about Jyotish.
2. I would like to learn Jyotish so I can give readings as a hobby.
3. I would like to become a professional astrologer.
4. I don't know yet what my intentions are.
It’s a subjective response. There is no right answer.
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The Rationale and Purpose of Astrology
Jyotish is a gift to humanity from the great sages. It is a map, based on
astronomical data, for navigating through time much like we use a physical map
for navigating through space.
The great sage Varahamihira wrote over 1500 years ago, "There is
no better boat than a horoscope to help a man cross over the
troubled sea of life."
Jyotish provides a tool that gives us vision when it is otherwise difficult to see,
which is why it is considered “the eye of the Veda (knowledge).”
Astrology is the study of karma as expressed through planetary configurations.
With the aid of the natal chart we’re able to gain insight into the karmic influences
of any time period in a person’s life – past, present, or future. We can assess the
past, measure its effects on the present, and forecast the trends of the future. We
can navigate karma so that favorable time periods can be taken advantage of
and the negative effects of difficult periods can be minimized.
If we can understand the karma that is unfolding in a person’s life, through
accurate chart interpretation, then we can be the most helpful as astrological
counselors. We can offer guidance and suggestions that can help steer people in
the best directions relative to the karma that they are facing, whether it be
positive/supportive karma or negative/challenging karma. Then this great science
of Vedic astrology can be put to its best use as a helping profession for the
benefit and service of others.
Later in this course you will be learning step-by-step chart interpretation methods
for analyzing: health, finances, home, education, marriage, travel, career,
spirituality etc. This will be immensely helpful for being able to provide practical
guidance in these various areas of life such as for future planning etc.
Qualifications of an Astrologer
First of all, before we list the specific qualifications of an astrologer, it should be
emphasized again that it is not necessary to practice or even believe in the Hindu
religion. When K.N. Rao was asked in an interview by Hinduism Today
magazine, “Does one have to be a Hindu to practice Jyotisha?” he said,
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”No, one just needs to be spiritual. Parashara does not say you
have to be a Hindu to do astrology. He says you have to have
technical, intellectual and moral excellence.”
In K.N. Rao’s book, General Astrology, he lists twenty-three qualifications
compiled from both the writings of sage Parashara and sage Varahamihira, and
gives an explanation for each. This is being reproduced here along with his
explanations, with kind permission. Keep in mind that these are ideals to be
aware of and strive for. No astrologer can be expected to have all of these traits,
although it would be ideal. Thank goodness! We’d all have to quit already!
From Sage Parashara, Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra, (ch. 27 v.
39-40):
1. Mathematical Ability
An astrologer must be able to cast a horoscope, its sub-divisional
charts, the dashas, ashtakavarga at the barest minimum. In these days of
computers, it is all the more necessary because computers using different
software contain different errors that need to be found out and set right.
Mathematical competence is the bedrock of the astrological edifice.
2. A Diligent Linguist
An astrologers quest is unending. The more he knows, the greater his
understanding. He has to listen to his consulters and explain to them so
language is an asset. Hard work and diligence separates a dedicated astrologer
from a hobbyist.
3. Judicial Balance
An astrologer needs to have judicial balance so that he can synthesize conflicting
indications and yet reach a sound judgment. It is to guide an astrologer in the
development of judicial balance that a ‘guru’ is needed.
4. Sharp Intellect
An intellect that is probing, sharp and alive makes an astrologer vie with himself
for constant improvement.
5. Knowledgeable in Geography, Space and Time
One needs to be knowledgeable about the geography, traditions, culture and
social conditions that are prevalent in the consultor’s area. Without this, results
can be disastrous.
6. Conquered His Senses
An astrologer is privy to the consultor’s innermost thoughts. He can exploit these
thoughts to gain monetary, emotional and other advantages. Moral control and
balance are a must.
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7. Skillfully Logical
The ability to look at an event from many angles. To illuminate different facets of
an issue. To synthesize contradictions and conflicting views gives an astrologer
incisiveness and clarity.
8. Knowledgeable in Natal Astrology
Such an astrologer is the one who can predict – his words bear the imprint of
truth.
From Sage Varahamihira, Brihat Samhita (ch 2. verse 8):
9. Purity
It is when there is inner purity that the reflection of planets on the heart stirs the
rarest springs of intuition.
10. Efficiency
The astrologer has technical and intellectual efficiency in approach to a superscience.
11. Gift of Gab
As astrologer should have right command over language through which he
conveys his interpretations, and as a sympathetic counselor, guides his clients
properly.
12. Brilliance
An astrologer has to interpret a very vast data and come to a sound conclusion. It
cannot be done in a lazy fashion and a perfunctory way.
13. Inner Quietude
He is like a yogi with his chitta (consciousness) having been purified. It is
necessary so that he not get disturbed when he sees some alarming planetary
combinations in a horoscope.
14. Fearless Speech
Armed with sound astrological insight into a horoscope he should have the ability
to speak fearlessly in any assembly.
15. Should Be Able to Hold His Own In Any Company
In the company of other brilliant men he should be able to hold his own, and not
be eclipsed.
16. Capacity to Interpret Signs and Omens
A psychologist observes these days as his patient walks in, sits down, and talks
and infers a good deal about him. In astrology it has been an age-old practice.
17. Freedom from Addiction
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An addict disintegrates mentally. How can he then be of use to others?
18. Knowledge of Mantras for Propitiation of Planets
Astrology is a link to spiritual remedies which are based on mantras. An
astrologer should know the use of these mantras for restoring calm and peace to
disturbed minds.
19. Capacity to Counter Evil Forces
There are evil practices indulged in by some persons to harm someone through
Tantric practices like Abhichar, Sammohan etc. An astrologer should know how
to counter this.
20. Should be a Spiritual Person
An astrologer himself must lead a spiritual, disciplined life.
21. Capacity to Put Intelligent Questions
An astrologer should be able to elicit very helpful answers from persons and to
interpet a horoscope deeply.
22. Useful Forewarning
An astrologer should give a very useful forewarning to a person and advice him
properly as to the right precautionary measures that should be taken.
23. Depth of Astrological Knowledge
There should be a deep understanding of the astrological principles and their
applications to a given horoscope.
Given here is a brief summary of the qualifications given by Parashara and
Varahamihira, which make it clear that an astrologer is actually a versatile
scientist, intellectual, spiritualist, psychologist and above all an illuminating guide.
Such astrologers must be rare that have all of these qualifications. But those who
have some of these can do so much to help society. - K.N. Rao
The Five Essentials in the Practice of Jyotish
The qualifications listed above represent qualities that are important to be aware
of and strive towards. In our study and practice of Jyotish there are five essential
checklist items that we need to fulfill in order to maximize our progress. If any
one is left out our development will be hampered. The five essentials are:
technical proficiency, continual practice, Jyotish guru, spiritual practice, and
ethical orientation:
1) Technical Proficiency
Jyotish is a science that has its own set of academic requirements. For instance,
it requires the memorization of a large body of technical information. There's no
way around it. Just like the pianist needs to memorize scales until they become
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second nature, the jyotishi or astrologer needs technical information at the
forefront of his or her awareness when analyzing a chart.
The jyotishi must be able to give a clear, logical explanation of the
conclusions they have made about a chart. For example: "This person has a
strong likelihood of children. The 5th house, representing children, is unaspected
by malefics, and Jupiter, a benefic and the significator of children, aspects the
5th house. Jupiter also gains strength by being in a Hamsa Mahapurusha Yoga
in the 1st house in its own sign. Also, the 5th lord is located on an angle in a
friend's sign aspected by Venus, a benefic. You can also see this pattern
repeating itself from chandra lagna, and in the Navamsa chart, etc." This may
sound complicated but it is actually only basic chart interpretation skills.
In addition to memorizing the basic technical information, K.N. Rao strongly
recommends that students learn to do many calculations manually, like the
dashas and divisional charts, instead of relying on computer software programs.
A jyotishi's initial focus should be to develop technical skill and clear, interpretive
logic. If the jyotishi relies on computers for all calculations and on intuition for
chart interpretation they may never develop a substantial level of technical
proficiency.
2) Continual Practice
It's not enough just to memorize technical information - it must be applied
over and over to as many charts as possible. This is how technical information
becomes technical skill. No matter how many workshops one attends or
theoretical books one reads nothing can replace experience in chart
interpretation. One drop of practice is better than an ocean of theory as they say.
The jyotishi doesn't have to give readings to get experience. He or she can do
retrospective research by studying past events in anyone's chart without the
pressure of having to give an accurate reading or offering sound advice. For
example, it's helpful to analyze charts of actors who have won an Academy
Award, or friends who have received a promotion at their job. It's also helpful to
analyze the charts of celebrities or individuals who epitomize specific character
traits. There are also books and astrological journals with example charts that
one can study.
By getting into the habit of continually studying charts, for instance three or more
per day, one's understanding of jyotish will accelerate dramatically.
3) Jyotish Guru
The first two essentials represent theory and practice respectively. However, they
are not enough. Inevitably while studying jyotish questions arise that can only be
answered by someone with more experience. The jyotishi needs a teacher or
Jyotish guru available for this purpose. A guru is someone who dispels confusion
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and brings clarity. "Gu" means shadow or darkness, while "ru" means to dispel or
remove.
Jyotish is based in an oral tradition. Traditionally, the student would sit with their
guru for long hours reciting jyotish texts, discussing principles, and studying
charts. Over time the student acquires the refined discernment of their teacher.
There is no replacement for this kind of one on one tutoring with a qualified
teacher.
A Jyotish guru does not need to be a famous or legendary personage. Of course
this is ideal, but it is not always possible. Finding a suitable teacher is a function
of our karma. Personally I feel very fortunate to have met my Jyotish guru, Sri
K.N. Rao, and to be connected to his lineage of teachers. At the least your
teacher needs to be more experienced, easily accessible, and able to dispel your
confusions.
Hart DeFouw tells the story of a Taoist master who was asked,
"What is the definition of a master?" The Taoist master replied, "A
master is someone who started earlier than you."
4) Spiritual Practice
Jyotish is a spiritual science that cannot be learned only through technical
academic study, practice and question and answer sessions. At some point in
one's development the jyotishi needs to combine both intuition and intellect in
order to interpret the symbolic language of astrology correctly. Intuition is
developed through spiritual practices.
Traditionally, the jyotishi would be initiated into the worship of a personal deity or
ishta devata who would help illumine their intuition. For instance, Vedic
astrologers often worship Ganesha because he is considered the patron deity of
Jyotish. Deity worship is the devotion to a specific aspect of God and is not idol
worship, which is a common misconception.
Whether one chooses to perform puja (worship), chant mantras, meditate, pray,
recite affirmations or do any other practice, what is important is to have a rich
inner life that cultivates a state of calmness and clarity of mind from which
intuition springs. It is usually recommended to commit at least 20 minutes twice a
day to spiritual practices, preferably at sunrise and sunset.
As mentioned earlier, Jyotish literally means the "lord of light," and
is often translated as the "science of light." "Jyoti" means light, which refers to the
luminosity of the stars and planets. However, since our outer reality is a reflection
of our inner reality, the light also refers to the light of God within. The jyotishi
needs to be attuned to the inner spiritual light in order to interpret external
phenomenon clearly.
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"Astrology is a revelatory science and it is revealed not by
aggression (willful effort) but by faith and surrender to the divine." K.N. Rao
5) Ethical Orientation
The jyotishi can experience inner light while doing spiritual practices but if his or
her actions are not ethical then his or her clarity of mind suffers. Jyotish was
brought forth by great sages for the welfare and benefit of humanity. When the
jyotishi has the same attitude, and their primary motivation is to benefit and serve
others, then he or she can be the most effective.
The Dalai Lama says, "The key to ethical behavior is the concern for
the welfare of others."
Here's a quote that indicates that the original intention of Jyotish was for the
welfare of others:
Maharishi Parashara said: “O Brahmin! Now, after making
obedience to Lord Shiva, I shall describe the Kala Chakra Dasha.
Whatever was related by Lord Shiva to Goddess Parvati is being
explained by me for the use of sages to be utilized for the welfare of
the people.”
- Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra ch46, v52-53
Astrology, like counseling, is a helping profession. Jyotish is also a powerful
predictive system. A jyotishi's words can strongly influence others for better or for
worse. Therefore, he or she needs to evaluate whether what they say and how
they say it is ultimately helpful. Certainly, instilling fear in others through fatalistic
statements is not helpful. In addition, promoting expensive remedial measures
unnecessarily in order to benefit the jyotishi financially is unethical. Ultimately,
how the jyotishi handles their relationships with clients is their own karmic
responsibility.
"Always remember the four 'mahavakyas' (great axioms) of
astrology - have faith; be diligent and practice patience; humbly
learn from your mistakes, and live a life of service. Then the divine
lotus of astrology will open in you."
- K.N. Rao
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Student Resource Guide
The following list is a list of recommended resources for students.
Classical Jyotish Texts
There are many important classical Vedic astrology texts, but these three are
considered compulsory for serious students to study and have in their reference
library according to K.N. Rao. If you just focus on these three you will learn a
great majority of the information that you should know. Please do not make the
mistake of skipping over reading the classics and rely exclusively on
contemporary texts.
1) Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra
The primary authoritative source text on Hora or natal astrology by sage
Parashara outlining the key principles of the Parashari system. Also contains
principles of the Jaimini system.
2) Phaladeepika
An abbreviated version of the Jataka Parijata. An authoritative text on natal
astrology by sage Mantreshwara.
3) Brihat Jataka
An authoritative text on Hora or natal astrology by sage Varahamihira.
Contemporary Jyotish Texts
There are many important contemporary texts that help to translate the classic
texts for modern times. Here’s list of recommended introductory books that, in my
opinion, are the most authoritative:
1) Hindu Predictive Astrology by B.V. Raman
An essential book that covers all the basic concepts of Jyotish. Considered a
contemporary classic and a must read for students according to K.N. Rao.
2) How to Judge a Horoscope (two volumes) by B.V. Raman
Gives detailed explanations of the effects of planets in the twelve houses with
many example charts. Also considered a contemporary classic and a must read
for students according to K.N. Rao.
3) Astrology, Destiny and the Wheel of Time by K.N. Rao
K.N. Rao’s most popular book that covers many basic as well as advanced
concepts in predictive astrology with example charts.
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4) Learn Hindu Astrology Easily by K.N. Rao
An important introductory book that introduces K.N. Rao’s PAC-DARES
approach.
5) The Astrology of the Seers by Dr. David Frawley
Perhaps the best introduction to Vedic astrology in the English language. Covers
many of the basic concepts.
6) Light on Life by Hart DeFouw and Robert Svoboda
Another excellent introduction to Vedic astrology that covers many basic
concepts.
7) Elements of Vedic Astrology (two volumes) by Dr. K.S. Charak
Another excellent introduction to Vedic astrology that covers many basic
concepts including medical astrology, muhurta, prashna etc.
8) Path of Light (two volumes) by James Kelleher
A good introduction to Vedic astrology with many example charts and a detailed
discussion on advanced topics by a seasoned astrologer.
9) The Betz Ephemeris (1940-2040) by Martha and Keith Betz
The only Sidereal/Vedic ephemeris available in English, that gives the planetary
positions over a 100-year span. Uses Lahiri Ayanamsha.
In addition, I recommend any other books by K.N. Rao and his students, as well
as any of the authors listed above.
Jyotish books can be purchased online through:
www.astroamerica.com
www.jdrventures.com
Vedic Astrology Software
3) Parashara’s Light
A highly recommended Jyotish software program that has been very popular
since the mid 1990’s. Very user friendly. Developed by Michiel Boender.
Available directly through Vaughn Paul, who is an authorized distributor.
www.parashara.com
1) Shri Jyoti Star
Also a highly recommended Jyotish software program, that has many unique,
and innovative features. Developed by Andrew Foss. Available directly through
Vaughn Paul, who is an authorized distributor.
www.vedicsoftware.com
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2) Astrodatabank
Great source of birth data of over 25,000 celebrities available in both Western
and Vedic astrology formats. Has a powerful research capability. Developed by
Lois Rodden.
www.astrodatabank.com
4) Vedic Bookshelf
A unique software program that performs searches of many of many classic texts
using keywords and phrases. Developed by Michiel Boender.
www.parashara.com
5) Kala
Another recommended Jyotish software program that has many unique features
like modern interpretations of the yogas. Developed by Ernst and Srishti Wilhelm.
www.vedic-astrology.net/Kala.htm
6) Goravani
Another recommended Jyotish software program that is known for its unique
research capabilities. Developed by Das Goravani.
www.goravani.com
7) Jagannatha Hora
A free Jyotish software program developed by P.V.R. Narasimha Rao. It can be
downloaded from:
www.vedicastrologer.org/jh
8) Maitreya
A free Jyotish software program developed by Dr. Martin Pettau. This is the only
free open source Jyotish software that runs on a variety of operating system
platforms including: Windows, Linux and UNIX. It can be downloaded from:
www.saravali.de/maitreya/index.html
Vedic Astrology Journals and Magazines
1) The Journal of Astrology
K.N. Rao’s quarterly journal that includes many excellent articles by K.N. Rao,
and other notable authors. Many articles are the result of group research projects
of students at K.N. Rao’s large school in New Delhi, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
www.journalofastrology.com
2) The Astrological Magazine
The famous monthly journal formerly edited by B.V. Raman for over sixty years,
and continued by his daughter Gayatri Devi Vasudev. Unfortunately this
magazine was discontinued in Dec 2007.
www.astrologicalmagazine.com
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3) Vedic Astrology Magazine
K.S. Charak’s bi-monthly journal that has many excellent articles by notable
authors.
www.vedicastro.com
4) CVA Journal
The Council of Vedic Astrology’s annual publication that is included with CVA
membership.
www.councilvedicastrology.org
5) Express Star Teller Magazine
A monthly journal that has many excellent articles.
www.starteller.com
6) The Mountain Astrologer Magazine
A bi-monthly Western astrology magazine that has regular Vedic astrology
articles.
www.mountainastrologer.com
Vedic Astrology Organizations
1) American College of Vedic Astrology (ACVA)
Offers courses, conferences, and 600 hour certification programs in Vedic
astrology. Affiliated with CVA and ICAS.
www.vedicastrology.org
2) British Association of Vedic Astrology (BAVA)
The largest Vedic astrology association in Europe. Offers programs and
conferences in Vedic Astrology. Affiliated with CVA and ICAS.
www.bava.org
3) Council of Vedic Astrology (CVA)
The largest Vedic astrology association outside of India. Deals with concerns of
Vedic astrology profession. It produces an annual journal and directory of
members.
www.councilvedicastrology.org
4) Indian Council of Astrological Sciences (ICAS)
The largest Vedic astrology association in India. No website available.
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Exercises and Homework
In this lesson we discussed the foundations to the study, and practice of Vedic
astrology. We are now ready to do our first set of exercises and homework
assignments.
The quizzes, exercises and homework assignments are designed to deepen your
knowledge of the information presented in the lesson. They give you an
opportunity to think about it further, and interact with it. Learning doesn't become
solidified until this step happens. For this reason, I highly recommend completing
each of the quizzes, exercises and homework assignments before moving on to
the next lesson. Please also purchase a notebook that you can use for making
notes and completing the exercises and homework assignments throughout the
course.
Materials needed:
- Notebook
- Pen
Exercises
1) The Four Primary Motivations:
Consider the four primary motivations dharma, artha, kama, and moksha in your
own life. If they represent 100% of your motivations then how would you divide
the percentages in each area? Draw a circle on a page in your notebook and
divide it up according to the percentages that represent your life currently. There
is no 'right' answer.
2) The 23 Qualifications of an Astrologer:
Use the attached document that lists the 23 qualifications of an astrologer. Rate
your development for each one as either weak, moderate, or strong by checking
the appropriate box.
Homework Assignments
1) Stocking Up:
Read through the Student Resource Guide and consider the books, software,
journals, or organizations that you need to help you in your study and practice of
Jyotish. Take the time to browse the vendor's websites and make any necessary
purchases.
2) Calculating Natal Charts:
The next assignment is to calculate the charts of three people: yourself, someone
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close to you, and Albert Einstein.
If you don’t own a software program, then download the free version of
Jagannatha Hora at http://www.vedicastrologer.org/jh. Enter your own birth data:
date, time, and place. If you’re using Jagannatha Hora, then go to 'Edit', then
click on 'Birth Data'. Save it by going to 'File', then click on 'Save As.'
Repeat the same steps, this time entering the birth data of someone you know
well, like your spouse, family member, or close friend.
Lastly, repeat the same steps and enter the chart of the famous scientist Albert
Einstein, who was born on March 14, 1879, at 11:30 am, in Ulm, Germany. Be
sure that each of the three charts are saved to the computer. We’ll be referring to
them in later exercises.
3) The Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra:
Please visit the website www.reliableastrology.com/mphs.htm which has an
online version of the entire Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra of sage Parashara.
Spend at least twenty minutes reading this ancient text. It doesn't need to be all
at once, but could be divided into five or ten minutes a day for several days. This
is the oldest and most authoritative text on Jyotish and it will be good for you to
become acquainted with it.
4) Spiritual Practice:
Decide on a spiritual practice that you can commit to practice everyday
throughout the duration of the level 1 Course. The important thing is that it's a
practice that you want to do, and that it's manageable so that you can actually do
it - even if it only takes five minutes a day. If you already have a spiritual practice
then consider adding another practice. For instance, K.N. Rao suggests that all
astrologers recite a mantra to the Sun and to Ganesh everyday. The audio in the
intro is a good Ganesh mantra to learn. You can also do a japa or repetitive
mantra 108 times to Ganesh: Om Gam (pronounced Gum) Ganapataye Namah.
A good mantra to the Sun is: Om Hrim Hrim (pronounced Reem Reem) Suryaya
Namah.
Quiz Answers
1. 4 Vedas, 6 Limbs, 3 Divisions and 5 Schools.
2. The Laghu Parashari is the main text of the Parashari system is a false
statement.
3. Artha and Kama
4. It’s a subjective response. There is no right answer.
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