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CHAPTER 1 Sociology and the Real World Theories Sociology’s Roots and Functionalist Theory 1 What is Theory? or Theories Theories in sociology are propositions that explain the social world and help to make predictions about future events. Theories are also sometimes referred to as approaches, schools of thought, paradigms, or perspectives. FI G U R E 1 . 4 SOCIOLOGY’S FAMILY TREE Sociology’s Roots Auguste Comte Harriet Martineau Herbert Spencer Auguste Comte (1798-1857) Stated that sociology needed to be treated like any other scientific discipline. Laid the groundwork for future sociologists and helped build the discipline. The progress of human thinking Theological Metaphysical Positivism/Scientific Method Harriet Martineau (1802-76) A social activist who traveled the United States and wrote about social changes which were radical for this time period. Martineau translated Comte’s work into English, making his ideas accessible to England and America. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Herbert Spencer was the first great English-speaking sociologist. Spencer believed in evolution and coined the phrase “survival of the fittest.” He believed that societies evolve through time by adapting to their changing environment. His philosophy is often referred to as “social Darwinism.” Questions Who is the father of sociology? What are the stages of human thinking? Who coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”? Who translated Comte’s work? Questions Who is the father of sociology? Auguste Comte What are the stages of human thinking? Theological Metaphysical Positivism/Scientific Method Who coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”? Herbert Spencer Who translated Comte’s work? Harriet Martineau Structural Functionalism/ Macro Level Analysis Society is viewed as an ordered system of interrelated parts, or structures, which are the social institutions that make up society (family, education, politics, the economy). Each of these different structures meets the needs of society by performing specific functions for the whole system (society). Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) He is the central figure in functionalist theory. Social bonds and Social Solidarity Mechanical Solidarity(Pre-Industrial or Pre-Modern Societies) Organic Solidarity ( Industrial or Modern Societies) Studied the correlation between a sense of disconnection (anomie or normlessness) and suicide Religion and a Collective Conscience (or collective consciousness Using scientific, empirical methods to study “social reality” Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) Robert Merton (1910-2003) Any disorganization or dysfunction in a structure leads to change and new equilibrium Manifest functions are the obvious, intended functions of a social structure Latent functions are the less obvious, perhaps unintended functions Any examples? Questions Who is the founder of the structural functionalist perceptive? What are the key words for structural functionalist perspective? What is the level of analysis in sociology of this perspective? What is the difference between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity? What is the anomie? What are the difference between manifest functions and latent functions? Questions Who is the founder of the structural functionalist perceptive? Emile Durkheim What are the key words for structural functionalist perspective? Structures, functions, dysfunction, balance and harmony in interrelated parts (social institutions) in society, society is like a human body; living organism What is the level of analysis in sociology of this perspective? Macrosociology What is the difference between mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity? The first is for pre-industrial (pre-modern societies) The second is for industrial (modern societies) What is the anomie? Normlessness What are the difference between manifest functions and latent functions? The first is the obvious and visible function and the second is more hidden, less obvious function in societies