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Download Organic Chemistry Notes
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Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry The Chemistry of Carbon Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms. The Chemistry of Carbon Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and hydrogen – Example: Carbon dioxide CO₂ All living things contain carbon. Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen – Example: Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆ Carbon has 4 valence electrons (forms covalent bonds) single, double or triple Carbon Ethane (single bond) Ethene (double bond) Ethyne (triple bond) Carbon Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids/fats Enzymes Carbon-based polymers Salts Minerals and simple elements Water Ionic compounds Compounds without carbon & hydrogen Examples of Organic and Inorganic Compounds Many of the molecules in living cells are very large and known as macromolecules Most macromolecules are formed by a process known as polymerization through which large compounds are built The smaller units or monomers join together to form polymers. Polymers are formed by dehydration synthesis because water is given off. Polymers are broken apart by hydrolysis because water is added. Macromolecules 4 main types of organic compounds are: Carbohydrates – known as sugars, polar molecules, most dissolve in water Lipids – fats, nonpolar, do not dissolve in water Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA Proteins – amino acids, muscles, enzymes and hair Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually in a ratio of 1:2:1 Example: glucose Carbohydrates Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall They are used for energy (glucose – made in plants) and structure (cellulose – found in the cell walls of plants) The building blocks of a carbohydrate is a simple sugar called monosaccharides http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qf_r5 EVP6U Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one simple sugar. Examples are glucose, fructose(fruit sugar), galactose(milk sugar) The formula for glucose is C6H12O6. Plants use this during photosynthesis 3 Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two simple sugars joined by a saccharide bond. ◦ Examples are sucrose(table sugar), lactose(milk sugar), and maltose (malt beverage sugar) Polysaccharide: three or more monosaccharides combined. ◦ Examples are cellulose(cell walls), chitin (exoskeleton), glycogen (stores glucose in liver cells), starch (stores glucose in roots of plants) 3 Types of Carbohydrates Structure of starch and cellulose (polysaccharides) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QckfYvIlV u4 3 Types of Carbohydrates Isomers have the same elements, but are arranged differently. An example of and isomer is glucose and fructose. Isomers Lipids are fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates Building blocks are glycerol and three fatty acids. Lipids Lipids are used for protection, cushion, structure, insulation, and energy storage. Fats ◦ Saturated contains the maximum amount of hydrogens – solid at room temperature – animal fats ◦ Unsaturated does not contain maximum amounts of hydrogen so double bonds exists – liquids at room temperature- oils Lipids Phospholipids make up cell membranes ◦ Consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group Steroids contain a 4-ringed backbone ◦ Examples: cholesterol and steroids (hormones) Waxes – used to form waterproof coverings on leaves, skin, or fur ◦ Example: beeswax, ear wax http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_LK 9pnL0 Lipids Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (sulfur is found in two amino acids) The building blocks of protein are amino acids held together by a peptide bond. Proteins Function in immunity, building structures, hormones, enzymes, transporting substances Examples of proteins are antibodies, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and hair. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wctkPUUpUc Proteins Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides. Nucleic Acids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleotides consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar (Carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen) a phosphate group a nitrogenous base ◦ adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine for DNA and adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil for RNA Nucleic Acids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information. Examples: ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Nucleic Acids Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jKMwL rbYyJ0 Nucleic Acids Chemical reaction is the process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals. Reactants are substances that go into a chemical reaction. Products are substances that result from a chemical reaction. Reactants and products are separated in a chemical reaction by a yield sign. → Chemical Reactions Activation Energy Chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started the activation energy. Enzymes Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes Some chemical reactions that make life possible are too slow or have activation energies. These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts which speed up the rate of a reaction. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes are made of proteins that act as biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cells. Enzymes act by lowering activation energies, which has a dramatic effect on how quickly reactions are completed. Enzymes Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Enzymes are not broken down. They are recycled. End in –ase. Enzymes can catabolize (breakdown) or anabolize (build up) molecules. Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex The reactants of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are known as substrates – substance changed by the enzyme. The substrate binds to a site on the enzyme known as the active site. The fit is so precise the active site and substrate are often compared to a lock & key. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Regulation of Enzyme Activity Enzymes can be affected by any variable that influences a chemical reaction. ◦ pH values ◦ Changes in temperature ◦ Enzyme or substrate concentrations Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. NaCl, table salt Pure spring water Muscle tissue made of protein Bread made of carbohydrates & fats amylase, digestive enzyme zinc, trace element Potassium chloride, table salt substitute Cellulose, carbohydrate polymer Classify as Organic or Inorganic
