Download The Establishment of totalitarian regimes in Europe

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HKALE (History-Past Papers)
Germany (1871-1914)
1. “Germany’s erratic foreign policy form 1890 to 1914 was a product of its political instability as much
as of the character of Emperor William II” Do you agree: justify your view.(1987)
2. How did European powers react to the foreign policy of Germany during the period 1890-1914?
(1988)
3. How liberal was Bismarck’s domestic policy during the period 1870-90? Elaborate your
answer.(1989)
4. “Bismarck was more successful in conducting Germany’s foreign affaires than in dealing with its
domestic affairs during the period 1870-90.” Do your agree with this statement? Give your
reasons.(1991)
5. How effective was Bismarck in maintaining friendly relations with Russia without offending Austria
during the period 1870-90. (1995)
6. “Nationalism posed the greatest obstacle to the development of liberalism in Gemmany.” Comment
on the validity of this statement with reference to the history of Germany in the period 1870-90.
(1997)
7. Discuss the impact of Germany’s foreign policy on the balance of power in Europe in the
period1870-1945.(1998)
8. Assess the importance of Bismarck in Prussian and German history up to 1890. (2001)
9. To what extent did Germany contribute to maintaining peace in Europe in the period 1871-1914.
(2005)
Reference questions:
1. Do you agree that the foreign policy of Germany was under strong influence of its domestic policy or
vice verse from 1890-1914?
2. Comment on the domestic and foreign policy of Bismarck from 1870-1890.
3. To what extent was the internal and foreign policy of Kaiser William II a continuation of Bismarck’s?
4. Compare the domestic and foreign policy between Bismarck and William II in Germany before the
First World War.
5. Discuss William II’s influence on the German foreign policy after 1890.
6. “The mutual antagonism of others enabled him to develop his own system.” Discuss the verdict on
Bismarck’s conduct of foreign policy after 1871. (London 1990)
7. What were the main objectives of Bismarck in domestic affairs? How were they realized?
8. Evaluate the success and failures of Bismarck’s domestic policies.
The Third Republic (1871-1941)
1. Why were the years 1929-35 called “the Turbulent Years” in French history?(1986)
2. Account for the collapse of the Third Republic in 1940.(1988)
3. Why did the Dreyfus Affairs occur, and how did it affect French society and politics until 1914? (1989)
4. Explain why French governments between the two world wars were so unstable (1990)
5. How far did Germany succeed in keeping France isolated in the two decades after Franco-Prussian
War?(1992)
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6. Give reasons for the founding of the Third Republic of France. How far was the Third Republic of
France consolidated by 1879? (1992)
7. With reference to the Dreyfus Affairs, discuss why and how anti-Semitism created a major political
problem in France during the 1890s and 1900s.(1993)
8. Examine the main features of French policies towards Germany and Russia in the period 1870-1914.
Did these policies succeed in protecting the interests of France? Explain your answer. (1997)
9. Despite internal crises and external threats, the Third Republic in France was able to survive in the
period 1871-1914. Explain why. (2003)
10. Trace and explain the relations between France and Russia in the second half of the 19 th century.
(2004)
Reference questions:
1. Account for the accomplishments and failures of the French Third Republic form 1870 to 1914.
2. Compare the French Republic and Bismarck’s Germany from 1871-1890.
3. Evaluate the role of France in the European scene from 1870 to 1914.
4. What domestic problems faced by the Third Republic between 1880-1914? How successful did it cope
with them? ( JMB 1979)
Russian History (1870-1917)
1. Assess the role of government in economic modernization of Russia during the period 1870-1914.
(1989)
2. Do you agree that the fall of Czardom should be attributed to the failure of reforms undertaken in
Nicholas II’s regime (1894-1917)? Explain your answer. (1990)
3. Give reasons for the weaknesses of anarchism and populism in the Russian revolutionary movement
during the last three decades of the 19th century.(1991)
4. “The 1917 Russian Revolution was rooted in the emancipation of serfs.” Comment on the validity of
this statement.(1994)
5. “The failure to establish a constitutional government in Russia under the rule of Nicholas II was largely
due to the lack of political awareness among the Russian people.” Do you agree with this
statement?(1995)
6. “The October Revolution of 1917 is unique in the history of revolution in Europe.” Comment on the
validity of this statement with reference to the period 1800-1917. (1998)
7. Which social group in Russia benefited most from reforms during the reign of Nicholas II (1894-1917.
(2001)
8. Did the Czarist government learn any lessons from the 1905 Revolution? Justify your answer with
reference to its domestic and foreign policies in the period 1905-1917? (2002)
9. To what extent was the collapse of Carist rule in Russia brought about by the revolutionaries? (2003)
10. “The reforms of Czar Alexander II sowed the seeds of modern Russia on the one hand, and of the
decline of Czardom on the other.” Comment on the validity of this statement. (2004)
11. Was Russia’s participation in the First World War the most important reason for the downfall of
Czardom? Justify your view.(2005)
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12. Compare the factors that contributed to the downfall of the Czarist regime with that of the
Provisional Government. (2006)
13. ‘Nicholas II’s reign marked an era of reaction rather than reform.’ Comment on the validity of this
statement. (2007)
14. What were the problems faced by Russia during the reign of Alexander II? How far were these
problems solved by 1881? (2008)
15. Explain why the Czarist regime survived the 1905 Revolution but not the February Revolution of
1917 with respect to changing conditions in Russia in the period 1905-1917. (2009)
The First World War
1. Analyze the causes and estate the significance of the Balkan Wars (1912-13).(1991)
2. Evaluate the role played by Britain in European diplomacy during the period 1901-1914.(1991)
3. Why did the armaments race become a major problem in Europe after 1890 and what attempts had
been made to settle this problem up to 1914? (1992)
4. Analyze the causes and estimate the significance of the three Moroccan crises of 1905, 1908 and 1911.
(1991)
5. How did the conflict of interests among the major European powers affect their policies in the Balkans
during the period 1870-1914? (1993)
6. Should Germany and its allies be held solely responsible for the outbreak of the First World War?
Elaborate your answer.(1993)
7. What were the social and economic consequences of the First World War in Europe up to 1929? (1993)
8. How far do you agree that the Eastern Question became more complicated as a result of the Congress
of Berlin (1978)? (1994)
9. How did the racial problem in the Austro-Hungarian Empire contribute tot he outbreak of the First
World War? (1994)
10. To what extent did the Paris peace treaties (1919-20) reflect the influence of President Wilson’s
Fourteen Points? (1994)
11. What is meant by Pan-Slavism? Why did it become an important issue involving the Balkan states
and European Powers during the period 1870-1914?(1996)
12. How did the statesmen of Europe try to achieve a balance of power in Europe in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries? How far were they successful?(1996)
13. Evaluate the importance of the Sarajevo Incident relative to other causes of the First World War.
(1996)
14. Account for the involvement of France in the Moroccan crises of 1905 and 1911. Access the
influence of these tow crises on international relations up to 1914. (1997)
15. “The Congress of Berlin (1878) provided the best answer to the Eastern Question.” Explain
whether you agree with this statement. (1998)
16. Why was North Africa of such strategic and economic importance for the colonial powers of
Europe in the period 1890-1914? (1998)
17. Assess the importance of the alliance system relative to other factors in bringing about the First
World War.(1998)
18. How did the armaments race constitute an important source of conflict among the Western powers
in the period 1890-1980.
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19. Compare the motives behind French and British colonial expansion in the period 1870-1914. (2001)
20. How did Austria-Hungary's foreign policy affect relations among European states up to the end of
the 19th century? (2001)
21. How important was the armaments race in affecting relations among the European powers in the
period 1870-1914? (2001)
22. With reference to the period 1890-1914, examine Germany’s foreign policy and discuss how other
European powers reacted. (2002)
23. “During the few weeks after the Sarajevo Assassination, the powers missed a number of
opportunities to avoid a general war.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. (2002)
24. Trace and explain the development of nationalism in the Balkan in the period 1815-1914. (2003)
25. Discuss the impact of Britain’s foreign policy on the relations among European powers in the
period 1870-1914. (2003)
26. Examine the importance of the colonial rivalries in affecting the relations among the European
powers in the period 1870-1914. (2003)
27. How important were territorial conflicts in the Balkans in affecting the relationships among
European powers in the period 1878-1914? (2004)
28. Assess the importance of economic interests relative to other factors in intensifying imperialistic
expansion in the period 1870-1914. (2005)
29. Explain why it was the Sarajevo Crisis rather than pre-ear crises that led to the outbreak of the First
World War. (2005)
30. “Imperialism was an extension of nationalism”. Comment on the validity of this statement with
reference to the period 1871-1914. (2006)
31. “While the First World War broke out because of the “eagerness to fight”, the Second World War
broke out because of the “fear of war”. Do you agree? Justify your view. (2006)
32. Assess the relative importance of the factors that contributed to the development of nationalism in
the Balkans in the period 1856-1914. (2007)
33. Assess the relative importance of Austria-Hungary and Russia in causing the First World War. Explain
your answer with reference to the period 1908-14. (2007)
34. To what extent were the European powers the victims of their won imperialistic policy? Explain your
answer with reference to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (2008)
35. Trace and explain Austro-German relations in the period 1878-1914. (2008)
Inter War Period (1918-39)
1. “The League of Nations had more failures than successes. “ Comment on the validity of this statement.
(1987)
2. Why did the British government adopt a policy of appeasement towards the European dictators in the
1930s? ( 1987)
3. How did the World Great Depression affect Britain? How successfully did British governments in the
1930s tackle the problems caused by the Depression? (1988)
4. Explain why the League of Nations was unable to settle international conflicts during the 1930s.
Illustrate your answer with specific examples. (1989)
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5. Would you consider that the Treaty of Versailles (1919) was a fair settlement? Justify your view.(1990)
6. How far did Britain’s domestic conditions during the 1930s affect its foreign policy in that period?
(1990)
7. Give reasons for the lack of effective cooperation among the major European powers in dealing with
German expansionism in the years 1935-39. (1991)
8. “ The Second World War was caused by the failure of collective security.” Discuss the validity of
this statement. (1992)
9. What were the social and economic consequences of the First World War in Europe up to 1929? (1993)
10. Analyze the reasons for, and the consequences of, the policy of “appeasement” adopted by
Britain in dealing with Germany during the years 1935-39. (1993)
11. To what extent did the Paris treaties (1919-20) reflect the influence of President Wilson’s Fourteen
Points? (1994)
12. Explain why there was a lack of co-operation among the major Western Powers to maintain
international peace during the 1930s (1994)
13. Why did the issue of Reparation in the post-World War I period cause economic hardship in
Germany? Why did the issue also become a major concern among the Western Powers? (1995)
14. Discuss the organizational weakness of the League of Nations. How did such weaknesses limit its
peacekeeping role? Illustrate your answer with relevant facts.
15. With reference to the period 1933-39, discuss how the international situation encouraged
German expansion. (1996)
16. Why was the United States increasingly involved in European affairs from the late 1930s to the
late 1940s? (1996)
17. “ In the defeat of the Nazis, Britain paid with time, America paid with dollars, and the Soviet
Union paid with blood. ( Stalin) do you agree with Stalin’s view? Justify your answer.(1996)
18. What were the major obstacles to the promotion of collective security in Europe in the period
1919-39? Why did these obstacles occur? (1997)
19. “The League of Nations achieved little because of unfavorable international circumstances.”
Comment on the validity of this statement. (1998)
20. Analyze the role of the United Sates in international politics in the period 1919-45. (1999)
21. What attempts were made in the West to achieve international harmony during the period 19191945? How effective were such attempts?(2001)
22. What roles did Britain play in the outbreak of the Second World War and the defeat of the Axis
powers in Europe?(2001)
23. Assess the effectiveness of the disarmament efforts of the Western countries in the 20th century up
to 1939. (2003)
24. To what extent did the appeasement policies of Britain and France bring about the outbreak of the
Second World War? (2005)
25. Examine Britain’s role in European diplomacy in the period 1890-1939. (2007).
26. “The League of Nations was doomed to fail from the very beginning.” Comment on the validity of
this statement. (2008).
27. Assess the relative importance of the major factors that contributed to the Second World War. (2008)
28. Assess the effectiveness of various attempts to maintain peace in Europe in the period 1900-39.
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(2009)
29. In what ways did the First World War create a new international order? Why did this order become
unstable in the 1930s? (2009)
Reference questions:
1. Discuss the success and failure of the League of Nations from the 1920s to the 1930s.
2. “The Peace Settlement did not solve the problems but laid the ground for the outbreak of the Second
World War. Many causes of the Second World War were similar to that of the First World War.”
Discuss.
3. What were the social and economic consequences of the First World War in Europe up to 1929?
4. How did the Great Depression affect the Western countries? Choose two countries as examples to
illustrate your argument.
5. What is meant by the term “appeasement”? What part did it play in international affairs, 1933-39?
6. Why did the Second World War break out? Who or What was to blame?
7. Why did Britain and France adopt the Appeasement Policy towards the Axis Powers on the eve of the
Second World War?
The Establishment of totalitarian regimes in Europe
(Development of the totalitarian regimes during interwar period in Europe: Fascist
Italy, Nazi Germany, and Communist Russia)
1. What were the main problems facing the Bolshevik government when it came to power? How did
Lenin try to overcome them? (1986)
2. Account for the rise of dictatorship in Italy and Germany during the inter-war period. (1986)
3. Explain why democratic and left wing forces were weak in Germany in the period 1918-33. (1987)
4. Critically assess the administration of Joseph Stalin during the period 1928-53 ( 1987)
5. Do you consider Lenin to have been a blessing or a disaster for Russia? Justify your view ( 1988)
6. Discuss the social and ideological foundations of Nazism in Germany between the tow World Wars.
(1989)
7. Evaluate Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union. (1989)
8. What were the common factors that led to the establishment of totalitarian regimes in Italy and
Germany in the inter-war period? (1990)
9. Could both the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 1930s be described as totalitarian states.
Explain your answer. (1991)
10. Give reasons for the rapid economic and military recovery of Germany under Hitler’s leadership up to
1939. (1992)
11. Evaluate Lenin’s achievements as a Marxist revolutionary leader (1992)
12. Discuss the social and ideological foundations of Fascism in Italy between the two world war.
13. Why did Stalin, rather Trotsky, succeed to the Soviet leadership after Lenin’s death? (1993)
14. Discuss the influence of Fascist rule on Italy up to the end of the Second World War. (1993)
15. How far do you agree that the founding of a Nazi regime in German in 1933 was mainly due to the
lack of a democratic tradition in that country? (1994)
16. Do you consider Mussolini to be an imperialist? Explain with reference to his foreign policy up to
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1939.(1994)
17. How far was the economy of the Soviet Union modernized by the first two Five Year Plans (1928-32,
1933-37) (1994)
18. Would you consider the governments under Stalin and Hitler totalitarian? Justify your view. (1995)
19. Compare and contrast Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany as totalitarian states. (1996)
20. Compare Hitler and Mussolini with respect to their responsibility for bringing about the Second World
War. (1997)
21. “Lenin’s New Economic Policy solved practical problems at the expense of communist principles.”
Comment on the validity of this statement.(1998)
22. How far were the objectives of Soviet foreign policy achieved in the period 1917-39?(1999)
23. In what ways did the Great Depression threaten peace and democracy in Europe up to 1939?(1999)
24. Compare Hitler and Stalin with regard to how they kept themselves in power.(1999)
25. Do you agree that & Germany posed a major threat to European peace in the period 1919-39
Justify your answer. (2000)
26. Account for the rise and fall of the Fascist regime in Italy. (2000)
27. "The rise of totalitarianism in inter-war Europe was a legacy of the First World War." Comment on
the validity of this statement using specific examples to support your view. (2001)
28. Terror and force were the only factors which enabled Stalin to stay in power” Comment on the
validity of this statement with reference to the period 1928-53. (2002)
29 . How successful was Mussolini in putting the main ideas of Fascism into practice in the period
1922-39? (2002)
30. Trace and explain British policies towards Germany in the period 1919-45. (2002)
31. Explain why totalitarian regimes emerged in some countries in Europe like Germany and Italy, but
not in others like Britain and France in the inter-war period. (2003)
32. Explain why Hitler was able to repudiate the Versailles Settlement and make territorial gains
between 1933 and 1939. (2003)
33. Compare and contrast Stalin and Mussolini with respect to their domestic policies.(2004)
34. “War led to totalitarianism, and totalitarianism in turn led to war.” Comment on the validity of this
statement with reference to the history of Germany and that of the Soviet Union in the inter-war
period. (2006)
35. To what extent did the development of democracy in Europe suffer setbacks in the period
1919-1939? (2007)
36. “As a national leader, Stalin’s merits outweighed his demerits.” Discuss the validity of this statement
with reference to the period 1928-53. (2008)
37. Trace and explain the failure of democracy in Italy and Germany in the iner-war period.(2009)
Reference questions:
General questions
1. Discuss the special features of the totalitarian regimes between the two world wars.
2. “The rise of a leader is due to the favorable circumstances rather his /her abilities. “ Do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer with reference to the rise of any ONE historical figure you have
learnt in the history course.
3. What is meant by “totalitarian state”? Select one country in the inter-war period, as a totalitarian state
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in respect of its internal and external policies.
Soviet Russia
1. Discuss the political, social , economic and diplomatic changes took place in Russia after the 1917
Revolution up to 1939.
2. “Circumstances decided Stalin’s foreign policies from 1924 to 1953.” Discuss.
3. Give an account of the major problems facing Lenin and the Bolshevik Government in the period
1917-1924.
4. What were the major political and economic problems facing Stalin in the period 1924-1939? How
successful was Stalin in solving these problems?
5. “The outside world remained deeply hostile to Russia.” Explain why, in the period 1917 to 1924, this
should have been the cause ( London, 1990)
6. “He had the determination, the means of control, and the personal indifference to the lot of the Soviet
people to hold on to power whatever his policies involved for Russia.” Discuss this statement with
reference to either Lenin in the years 1917-1924 or Stalin in the year 1928-1941.(NEAB 1989)
7. How far had Stalin carried out a social and economic transformation in the USSR by 1941?
( Cambridge 1989)
8. Write a brief account of Stalin’s rule in the Soviet Union between 1924 and 1939.
9. Evaluate Stalin/ Lenin as a great leader of the Soviet Union.
Fascist Italy
1. Why was Mussolini’s “March on Rome” successful?
2. Analyze Mussolini’s home policy until the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939.
3. Why, in 1922, was Mussolini able to become Prime Minister of Italy? ( Welsh 1989)
4. Account for the establishment of Fascist governments in either Italy or Spain. ( London 1990)
5. How effectively did fascist rule in Italy solve the problems, which had brought Mussolini to power?
( London 1988)
6. Examine the achievements within their respective countries of either Mussolini or Franco. ( London
1989)
Nazi Hitler
1.What were the chief aims of Hitler’s foreign policy? How did his actions lead to the outbreak of the
Second World War?
2.Compare and contrast Italian Fascism and German Nazism.
3.“Hitler and the Nazi used the democratic system which tolerated them to destroy German democracy.
“Examine the truth of this statement with reference to the years 1928 to 1934. ( London 1989)
4. In what ways and to what extent was Nazi ideology in 1933”revolutionary”? ( AEB 1995)
5.“The regime, after all, gave most Germans what they wanted.” Consider this view of Nazi Germany
in the years 1933 to 1939. ( London 1990)
6. Why was Hitler able to score so many successes in foreign policy without going to war? ( Welsh
1989)
7. “Hitler’s foreign policy successes between 1933 and 1941 rested on his remarkable tactical skills
and ability to exploit his opponent’s weaknesses.” Discuss. ( Oxford 1989)
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8. How far was Nazi Germany a totalitarian state, in respect of its internal and external plicies?
Post-1945 Europe
1. Discuss how social and economic life in Western Europe was affected by the Cold War up to
1960. (1987)
2. How effective was the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in containing Soviet Aggression in Europe?
(1987)
3. Discuss the impact of science and technology on European society form 1919-1960. (1987)
4. To what extent was the United Nations successful in avoiding the mistakes of its predecessor, the
League of Nations? (1988)
5. Discuss the significance of the North Atlantic Treaty (1949) in Europe up to 1960. (1989)
6. How did governments in Western Europe handle the colonial question in the post-World War II period
up to 1960? (1989)
7. Account for the successes and failures of the United Nations in the promotion of culture and peace
among its members until 1960.(1990)
8. Explain why, after the Second World War, countries in Western Europe were able to achieve economic
recovery more rapidly and successfully than those in Eastern Europe. (1990)
9. Discuss the impact of the Cold War on European politics up to 1960. (1991)
10. What domestic problems did Britain fact after the Second World War, and to what extent were
they solved by 1951? (1991)
11. Discuss the political consequences of “ de-Stalinization” for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
up to 1960. (1992)
12. Account for the development towards cooperation and unity among Western European nations
during the period 1945-60. (1992)
13. Compare the League of Nations and the Untied Nations Organization with regard to their
effectiveness in keeping peace. (1993)
14. What international problems were created by the Berlin Crisis of 1948, and how far were they
resolved by 1960? (1993)
15. How far do you agree that the origins of the Cold War was both ideological and strategic?(1994)
16. “Decolonization in the post-Second World War period changed the economic relations among the
Western nations from competition to cooperation.” Comment on the validity of this statement.
(1994)
17. During the Second World War, the Allied Powers made plans for the postwar economic recovery
of Europe. How successful were these plans? (1995)
18. How effective was the British Commonthwealth in promoting economic and cultural interests in
Britain and its former colonies after the Second World War? (1995)
19. How did the armaments race between the Untied States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War
affect these two countries and the international scene? (1995)
20. In what ways did changing international circumstances since the early 1940s lead to Britain’s
retreat from its colonies after the Second World War? (1996)
21. How far was the confrontation between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw?
Treaty Organization rooted in ideological conflicts? (1996)
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22. Account for the development towards cooperation and unity among Western European countries in
the period 1945-80. (1997)
23. Examine the main features of, and the Untied States’ reaction to, the Soviet Union’s policy towards
Eastern Europe during the Cold War period up to 1980. (1997)
24. Explain why the British Empire disintegrated after the Second World War. (1998)
25. What were the aims behind the establishment of the British Commonwealth? Why were these aims
not fully achieved?(1998)
26. Identify and explain the role of the Soviet Union in the Second World War and the Cold War.(1998)
27. Explain the changing of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) and assess its significance in the Cold War
History. (2000)
28. Explain the changing relations between the Untied States and the Soviet Union in the period 1941-50.
(2000)
29. Explain the factors that favoured and those that hindered economic cooperation among European
countries in the post-Second World War up to 1960 , (2000)
30. Do you agree that decolonization was more beneficial than harmful to the colonial powers? Explain
your answer with reference to any TWO European powers in the post-Second World War
period.(2000)
31. Assess the relative importance of the factors that contributed to the break-up of colonial empires after
1945.(2001)
32. Why and how did the United States play an active role in the United Nations in the period
1945-80?(2001)
33. How did Stalin's foreign policy contribute to the emergence and development of the Cold War up to
1953? (2001)
34. Identify and explain the major sources of international conflicts in the period 1945-80. (2001)
35. “The United Sates played a predominant role in the economic development of Western Europe after
the Second World War." Comment on the validity of this statement with reference tot he period
1945-80. (2001)
36. Assess the effectiveness of the attempts made by the United States to check the spread of communism
in the period 1947-90. (2002)
37. How effective was the United Nations in maintaining peace in the period 1946-80? (2002)
38. Explain the role of the USA in the development of Western Europe in the period 1945-80. (2003)
39. How important was the growth of nationalism in colonies in bringing about the break-up of colonial
empires after 1945? (2003)
40. With reference to the period 1945-60, examine two important ways in which the Second World War
changed Europe. (2003)
41. Trace and explain how the USSR maintained its control of Eastern Europe in the period 1945-80.
(2003)
42. Examine the factors that contributed to military and economic cooperation among the Western
European countries in the period 1945-80. (2004)
43. Examine the major threats to European peace in the post-Second World War period. Why did such
threats not lead to a general war in Europe? Explain your answer with reference to the period up to
1980. (2004)
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44. To what extent did the United Nations achieve its aims in the period 1945-80? (2005)
45. Examine how conflicts between the USA and the USSR affected European stability in the period
1945-80. (2005)
46. Compare the effectiveness of attempts at disarmament in the inter-war period with those in the Cold
War period. (2006)
47. To what extent did the clash of national interests between Britain and France pose an obstacle to
European economic integration in the period 1945-90? (2006)
48. What role did the Soviet Union play in the Cold War? Explain your answer. (2006)
49. What were the major problems that the United Nations faced in the period 1945-80? How effective
was the United Nations in dealing with such problems in this period? (2007)
50. ‘The USSR was effective in maintaining its control of Eastern Europe in the period 1945-80? Do you
agree? Explain your answer. (2007)
51. Compare the effectiveness of the USA and the USSR in expanding their influence in Europe after the
Second World War. (2008)
52. “Both the USA and the USSR posed a threat to the stability of Europe in the period 1945-80.”
Comment the validity of this statement. (2009)