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Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Chapter Six Nutrition for Older Adults Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Nutrition Amount of food needed to maintain health changes over a lifespan Metabolism slows as a person ages Identify physical changes related to aging that impact nutrition Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Nutritional Assessment Assessments may vary depending on facility Assess nutritional risks Illness that may have impact on nutrition Difficulty chewing or swallowing Weight gain or loss Regular eating habits Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Nutritional Assessment Nutritional risks (cont.) Types of food normally eaten Resources to purchase food Ability to shop for and prepare meals Medications Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Nutritional Needs of Older Adults Nutritional needs change with age, physical activity, and health status Nutritious food is important for healing during an illness Three critical food groups found in various foods Carbohydrates Proteins Fats Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Carbohydrates Complex Break down over a longer period of time More nutritious Simple Easier to digest Quick source of energy Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Carbohydrates Carbohydrates come from Grains, beans, nuts, milk, meat, fruits, vegetables, honey, sugar, syrup Simple carbohydrates come from milk and foods high in sugar Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Proteins Assist in building and repairing body tissue Structural and functional Proteins come from plants and animals Grains, dried beans, dark green and yellow vegetables Meat, fish, poultry, milk products Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Proteins Amino acids are the basis for proteins Essential Body cannot make; must come from food Non-essential Body can make Blood nitrogen levels are measured to determine adequate protein in body Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Fats Support and protection of internal organs Sustain body temperature Assist with absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K Fats come from plants, plant oils, meat, fish, and eggs Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Vitamins Vitamins extracted from foods or supplements Water soluble—B, C Fat soluble—A, D, E, and K Vitamin A Vision, healthy hair, skin, gums, other body functions Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Vitamins Vitamin B complex Nervous system, healthy tissue, prevent dementia, metabolism, production of hemoglobin, formation of body cells Vitamin C Build and repair body tissue and bones, keep teeth and gums healthy Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Vitamins Vitamin D Absorption of calcium and phosphorus for maintenance of bone tissue and other body functions Vitamin E Prevents breakdown of red blood cells, aids in wound healing Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Vitamins Vitamin K Blood clotting, bone development Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Minerals Inorganic substances found in nature and human body Macrominerals—electrolytes Calcium Bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle and nerve activity, digestion, maintenance of blood pressure Phosphorous Bone maintenance, metabolism, cell maintenance Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Minerals Macrominerals (cont.) Magnesium Energy, maintaining cell membranes, muscle activity, metabolism Sodium Fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, glucose activity Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Minerals Macrominerals (cont.) Chloride Fluid balance, digestion Potassium Fluid balance, nervous and musculoskeletal systems’ function, insulin release, metabolic activities Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Minerals Trace minerals Iron Production of hemoglobin, aiding in metabolism Zinc Wound healing, insulin storage Iodine Component of thyroid hormone, regulates metabolism Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Minerals Trace minerals (cont.) Selenium Healing, preventing disease, metabolic activities Copper Produce hemoglobin Manganese Metabolic functions, blood clotting Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Minerals Trace minerals Chromium Improves glucose metabolism Molybdenum Metabolic activities Fluoride Bone and dental integrity Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Water Essential component of older adult’s nutrition plan Important for maintenance of temperature Easiest dietary means of fluid intake Amount of water needed determined by: Age, gender, chronic disease, physical activity, heat exposure Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Body Electrolytes Electrolytes Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, chloride Must be maintained in a state of neutrality Moved through body by fluids Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Laboratory Tests Laboratory tests are performed to measure body’s nutritional state Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition Diet Plans Various diet plans exist Regular Modified Clear liquid Full liquid Soft Therapeutic Use diet plan most appropriate for the patient