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Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Chapter Six
Nutrition for Older Adults
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Nutrition
 Amount of food needed to maintain health
changes over a lifespan
 Metabolism slows as a person ages
 Identify physical changes related to aging that
impact nutrition
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Nutritional Assessment
 Assessments may vary depending on facility
 Assess nutritional risks
 Illness that may have impact on nutrition
 Difficulty chewing or swallowing
 Weight gain or loss
 Regular eating habits
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Nutritional Assessment
 Nutritional risks (cont.)
 Types of food normally eaten
 Resources to purchase food
 Ability to shop for and prepare meals
 Medications
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Nutritional Needs of Older Adults
 Nutritional needs change with age, physical
activity, and health status
 Nutritious food is important for healing during an
illness
 Three critical food groups found in various foods
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Fats
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Carbohydrates
 Complex
 Break down over a longer period of time
 More nutritious
 Simple
 Easier to digest
 Quick source of energy
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates come from
 Grains, beans, nuts, milk, meat, fruits, vegetables,
honey, sugar, syrup
 Simple carbohydrates come from milk and foods
high in sugar
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Proteins
 Assist in building and repairing body tissue
 Structural and functional
 Proteins come from plants and animals
 Grains, dried beans, dark green and yellow
vegetables
 Meat, fish, poultry, milk products
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Proteins
 Amino acids are the basis for proteins
 Essential
 Body cannot make; must come from food
 Non-essential
 Body can make
 Blood nitrogen levels are measured to determine
adequate protein in body
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Fats
 Support and protection of internal organs
 Sustain body temperature
 Assist with absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K
 Fats come from plants, plant oils, meat, fish, and
eggs
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Vitamins
 Vitamins extracted from foods or supplements
 Water soluble—B, C
 Fat soluble—A, D, E, and K
 Vitamin A
 Vision, healthy hair, skin, gums, other body
functions
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Vitamins
 Vitamin B complex
 Nervous system, healthy tissue, prevent dementia,
metabolism, production of hemoglobin, formation of
body cells
 Vitamin C
 Build and repair body tissue and bones, keep teeth
and gums healthy
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Vitamins
 Vitamin D
 Absorption of calcium and phosphorus for
maintenance of bone tissue and other body
functions
 Vitamin E
 Prevents breakdown of red blood cells, aids in
wound healing
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Vitamins
 Vitamin K
 Blood clotting, bone development
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Minerals
 Inorganic substances found in nature and human
body
 Macrominerals—electrolytes
 Calcium
 Bones and teeth, blood clotting, muscle and nerve
activity, digestion, maintenance of blood pressure
 Phosphorous
 Bone maintenance, metabolism, cell maintenance
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Minerals
 Macrominerals (cont.)
 Magnesium
 Energy, maintaining cell membranes, muscle activity,
metabolism
 Sodium
 Fluid balance, nerve and muscle function, glucose
activity
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Minerals
 Macrominerals (cont.)
 Chloride
 Fluid balance, digestion
 Potassium
 Fluid balance, nervous and musculoskeletal systems’
function, insulin release, metabolic activities
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Minerals
 Trace minerals
 Iron
 Production of hemoglobin, aiding in metabolism
 Zinc
 Wound healing, insulin storage
 Iodine
 Component of thyroid hormone, regulates
metabolism
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Minerals
 Trace minerals (cont.)
 Selenium
 Healing, preventing disease, metabolic activities
 Copper
 Produce hemoglobin
 Manganese
 Metabolic functions, blood clotting
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Minerals
 Trace minerals
 Chromium
 Improves glucose metabolism
 Molybdenum
 Metabolic activities
 Fluoride
 Bone and dental integrity
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Water
 Essential component of older adult’s nutrition plan
 Important for maintenance of temperature
 Easiest dietary means of fluid intake
 Amount of water needed determined by:
 Age, gender, chronic disease, physical activity, heat
exposure
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Body Electrolytes
 Electrolytes
 Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium,
sodium, chloride
 Must be maintained in a state of neutrality
 Moved through body by fluids
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Laboratory Tests
 Laboratory tests are performed to measure body’s
nutritional state
Caring for Older Adults Holistically, 4th Edition
Diet Plans
 Various diet plans exist
 Regular
 Modified
 Clear liquid
 Full liquid
 Soft
 Therapeutic
 Use diet plan most appropriate for the patient