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101 Facts you NEED to know Mechanics 1. Weight (force of gravity) decreases as you move away from the earth by distance squared. 2. Mass and inertia are the same thing. 3. Constant velocity and zero velocity means the net force is zero and acceleration is zero. 4. Weight (in newtons) is mass x acceleration (w = mg). Mass is not weight! 5. Velocity, displacement [s], momentum, force and acceleration are vectors. 6. Speed, distance [d], time, and energy (joules) are scalar quantities. 7. The slope of the velocity-time graph is acceleration. 8. At zero (0) degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to their sum. At 180 degrees two vectors have a resultant equal to their difference. From the difference to the sum is the total range of possible resultants. 9. Centripetal force and centripetal acceleration vectors are toward the center of the circle- while the velocity vector is tangent to the circle. 10. An unbalanced force (object not in equilibrium) must produce acceleration. 11. The slope of the distance-tine graph is velocity. 12. The equilibrant force is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the resultant vector. 13. Momentum is conserved in all collision systems. 14. Magnitude is a term use to state how large a vector quantity is. Energy 15. Mechanical energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energy. 16. Units: a = [m/sec2], F = [kg•m/sec2] (newton), work = pe= ke = [kg•m2/sec2] (joule) 17. An ev is an energy unit equal to 1.6 x 10-19 joules 18. Gravitational potential energy increases as height increases. 19. Kinetic energy changes only if velocity changes. 20. Mechanical energy (pe + ke) does not change for a free falling mass or a swinging pendulum. (when ignoring air friction) 21. The units for power are [joules/sec] or the rate of change of energy. Electricity 22. A coulomb is charge, an amp is current [coulomb/sec] and a volt is potential difference [joule/coulomb]. 23. Short fat cold wires make the best conductors. 24. Electrons and protons have equal amounts of charge (1.6 x 10-19 coulombs each). 25. Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the total resistance of a circuit. 26. Adding a resistor in series increases the total resistance of a circuit. 27. All resistors in series have equal current (I). 28. All resistors in parallel have equal voltage (V). 29. If two charged spheres touch each other add the charges and divide by two to find the final charge on each sphere. 30. Insulators contain no free electrons. 31. Ionized gases conduct electric current using positive ions, negative ions and electrons. 32. Electric fields all point in the direction of the force on a positive test charge. 33. Electric fields between two parallel plates are uniform in strength except at the edges. 34. Millikan determined the charge on a single electron using his famous oil-drop experiment. 35. All charge changes result from the movement of electrons not protons (an object becomes positive by losing electrons) 36. Charging by conduction means contact and the electroscope acquires the same charge as the charged rod 37. Charging by induction means there is no contact and the electroscope acquires a charge opposite that of the charged rod 38. Neutral objects attract to both positive and negative objects. 39. Ammeters have low resistance and are wired in series. Voltmeters have high resistance and are wired in parallel Magnetism 40. The direction of a magnetic field is defined by the direction a compass needle points. 41. Magnetic fields point from the north to the south pole Wave Phenomena 42. Sound waves are longitudinal and mechanical. 43. Light slows down, bends toward the normal and has a shorter wavelength when it enters a higher (n) value medium. 44. All angles in wave theory problems are measured to the normal. 45. Blue light has more energy. A shorter wavelength and a higher frequency than red light (remember- ROYGBIV). 46. The electromagnetic spectrum (radio, infrared, visible. Ultraviolet x-ray and gamma) are listed lowest energy to highest. 47. A prism produces a rainbow from white light by dispersion (red bends the least because it slows the least). 48. Light wave are transverse (they can be polarized). 49. The speed of all types of electromagnetic waves is 3.0 x 108 m/sec in a vacuum. 50. The amplitude of a sound wave determines its energy. 51. Constructive interference occurs when two waves are zero (0) degrees out of phase or a whole number of wavelengths (360 degrees.) out of phase. 52. At the critical angle a wave will be refracted to 90 degrees. 53. According to the Doppler effect a wave source moving toward you will generate waves with a shorter wavelength and higher frequency. 54. Double slit diffraction works because of diffraction and interference. 55. Single slit diffraction produces a much wider central maximum than double slit. 56. Diffuse reflection occurs from dull surfaces while regular reflection occurs from mirror type surfaces. 57. As the frequency of a wave increases its energy increases and its wavelength decreases. 58. Transverse wave particles vibrate back and forth perpendicular to the wave direction. 59. Wave behavior is proven by diffraction, interference and the polarization of light. 60. Shorter waves with higher frequencies have shorter periods. 61. Radiowaves are electromagnetic and travel at the speed of light (c). 62. Monochromatic light has one frequency. 63. Coherent light waves are all in phase. Geometric Optics 64. Real images are always inverted. 65. Virtual images are always upright. 66. The normal line is always 90o to the mirror/lenses 67. ALL rays obey the law of reflection 68. In a plane mirror, the images is the same size as the object. Modern Physics 69. The particle behavior of light is proven by the photoelectric effect. 70. A photon is a particle of light {wave packet}. 71. Large objects have very short wavelengths when moving and thus can not be observed behaving as a wave. (DeBroglie Waves) 72. All electromagnetic waves originate from accelerating charged particles. 73. The frequency of a light wave determines its energy (E = hf). 74. The lowest energy state of a atom is called the ground state. 75. Increasing light frequency increases the kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons. 76. As the threshold frequency increase for a photo-cell (photo emissive material) the work function also increases. 77. Increasing light intensity increases the number of emitted photo-electrons but not their KE. Internal Energy 78. Internal energy is the sum of temperature (ke) and phase (pe) conditions. 79. Steam and liquid water molecules at 100 degrees have equal kinetic energies. 80. Degrees Kelvin (absolute temp.) Is equal to zero (0) degrees Celsius. 81. Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the molecules. 82. Phase changes are due to potential energy changes. 83. Internal energy always flows from an object at higher temperature to one of lower temperature. Nuclear Physics 84. Alpha particles are the same as helium nuclei and have the symbol 85. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons (2 for alpha) . 86. Deuterium ( ) is an isotope of hydrogen ( ) 87. The number of nucleons is equal to protons + neutrons (4 for alpha) 88. Only charged particles can be accelerated in a particle accelerator such as a cyclotron or Van Der Graaf generator. 89. Natural radiation is alpha ( ), beta ( ) and gamma (high energy x-rays) 90. A loss of a beta particle results in an increase in atomic number. 91. All nuclei weigh less than their parts. This mass defect is converted into binding energy. (E=mc2 from Kg to J) (1u=931MeV for small amounts) 92. Isotopes have different neutron numbers and atomic masses but the same number of protons (atomic numbers). 93. Geiger counters, photographic plates, cloud and bubble chambers are all used to detect or observe radiation. 94. Rutherford discovered the positive nucleus using his famous gold-foil experiment. 95. Fusion requires that hydrogen be combined to make helium. 96. Fission requires that a neutron causes uranium to be split into middle size atoms and produce extra neutrons. 97. Radioactive half-lives can not be changed by heat or pressure. 98. One AMU of mass is equal to 931 meV of energy (E = mc2). 99. Nuclear forces (weak and strong) are strong and short ranged. 100. An anti particle has the same mass but the opposite charge of its real particle. General 101. The most important formulas in the physics regents are: Name _____________________________________ Quiz on Facts #1- Mechanics 1. Sketch the relationship between the force of gravity between the moon and a planet as a function of distance between the moon and the center of the planet. Fg r 2. Inertia depends on mass and velocity TRUE or FALSE (circle one) 3. If an object has a net force of zero a. Its velocity is zero b. Its velocity is constant c. Its acceleration is zero d. All of the above 4. When standing on Earth, which has a larger magnitude, my mass in Kg or my weight in Newtons? __________________________ 5. What do the terms velocity, displacement, force, and acceleration all have in common? __________________________________________________. 6. If I find the slope of a velocity vs. time graph to be 10, the units of this number should be __________________________ which means it tells me about the _________________________ of the object. 7. The area under a velocity vs. time graph tells me the object’s _________________________.[ 8. The maximum net force is produced when two forces point _________________________________ which is a _______ degree angle. To find this resultant you must _______________ the magnitudes of the forces. 9. When moving in a circle, the force acting on the object points _______________________, the acceleration of the object points ______________________, and the velocity of the object points ____________________________________. 10. Any unbalanced (net force) causes an object to __________________________ in a direction that is _________________________ as the unbalanced force. 11. The minimum net force is produced when two forces point _________________________________ which is a _______ degree angle. To find this resultant you must _______________ the magnitudes of the forces 12. What do the terms distance, speed, time, mass, and energy all have in common? _________________________________________________________ 13. The slope of a displacement vs. time graph is found to be 5. The units of this number are ______________________ which means it tells me about the object’s _________________________. 14. What is the name of the force that will produce a net force of zero? _________________________________. 15. What is the name of the force that is defined as the sum of all forces acting on an object? ___________________________________________________ 16. Momentum is calculated by the formula _____________________________. 17. Momentum is always conserved in any collision TRUE 18. Energy is always conserved in any collision TRUE 19. The equilibrant force has the SAME / OPPOSITE but the SAME / OPPOSITE direction. or or FALSE (circle one) FALSE (circle one) magnitude as the resultant 20. As you move away from the Earth’s surface, you mass __________________________ and your weight _________________________. Name _____________________________________ Quiz on Facts #2- Energy and Internal Energy 1. The unit of energy is ______________________ which has the base units of __________________________. 2. The unit of work is ________________________ which is THE SAME AS / DIFFERENT FROM (circle one) the units of energy. 3. To calculate mechanical energy you __________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 4. What is the unit used to measure very small amounts of energy ______________ 5. What type of energy do you have when you are above the ground? ____________ 6. What type of energy do you have when you are moving? __________________ 7. What type of energy do you have when you are attached to a stretched spring? ____________________________ 8. Give an example of when you can set your gravitational potential energy equal to your kinetic energy. ___________________________________________________________ 9. What is the rate at which you use energy? ________________________ which has the units of _______________________________. 10. Internal energy is related to the _____________________ of an object 11. internal energy flows from ___________________ objects to ___________________ objects. Name _____________________________________ Quiz on Facts #3- Waves /Optics 1. Sound waves are mechanical / electromagnetic (circle one) which means___________________________________________________ and they are longitudinal / transverse (circle one) which means ______________________ ______________________________________________________________ 2. Light waves are mechanical / electromagnetic (circle one) which means___________________________________________________ and they are longitudinal / transverse (circle one) which means _____________________ _________________________________________________________________. 3. When light enters a medium of a higher index of refraction its speed ____________________, its wavelength ________________________, its frequency ___________________________, and it bends ____________________ the normal. 4. When light enters a medium of a lower index of refraction its speed ____________________, its wavelength ________________________, its frequency ___________________________, and it bends ____________________ the normal. 5. Critical angle occurs when light passes from HIGH TO LOW INDEX / LOW TO HIGH INDEX (circle one) and the angle of refraction is __________ degrees. 6. All angles in diagrams are measured relative to _______________________ 7. Compared to RED light, Blue light has ________________ frequency, _____________________ energy, _____________________ wavelength, __________________________ speed in a vacuum. 8. All waves in the electromagnetic spectrum have the same _________________. 9. Dispersion causes ________________________________________________. 10. ____________________ waves can be polarized. 11. A sound wave’s energy (volume) is determined by its ____________________. 12. Constructive interference occurs when the phase difference between two waves is ____________________ decrees. Which means they are ____ ____________. The path length difference is _________________ a wavelength. 13. When a wave source is moving towards you, you will observe a ________________ frequency, and _____________________ wavelength which means a _________________ pitch and a ____________ shift in color. The name of this phenomena is the __________ ______________. 14. What two wave phenomena are illustrated in the double slit experiment? __________________ and _____________________. 15. ________________ reflection occurs off a smooth surface and ___________________ reflection occurs off of a rough surface. 16. As the energy of light increases, the frequency _______________________ and the wavelength _________________________. 17. Wave behavior is proven by _______________________ , ____________________ and ____________________________. 18. Waves with short periods have __________________ frequencies and __________________ wavelengths. 19. Radio waves travel at ______________________. 20. Monochromatic light means __________________________. 21. LASERS produce ______________________ light which means it is all in phase. 22. Real images are always ____________________________ 23. Virtual images are always ___________________________ 24. The normal line is always _________________ degrees to the mirror/lens 25. The image is _________________ in size compared to the object in a plane mirror Name _____________________________________ Quiz on Facts #4- Modern /Nuclear 1. ____________________________ experiment shows light behaves like a wave. 2. _____________________________ experiment shows light behaves like a particle. 3. A packet of light is called a _________________ which contains a __________________ amount of energy 4. You created electromagnetic waves by _____________________ charged particles 5. The _____________________ of light determines its energy. 6. The lowest energy of an atom is called the ______________________________. 7. During the photoelectric effect, increasing the frequency of the light changes the _______________________ of the emitted electrons. Increasing the brightness of the light changes the _________________________ of the emitted electrons. 8. The work function describes how _____________________________________. As the work function increases, the threshold frequency ___________________. 9. An alpha particle has ________ protons and ________ neutrons. 10. The atomic number is equal to the number of _____________ an atom has 11. Nucleons are ______________________ and _____________________. 12. In order to be accelerated in a machine, a particle must have __________________. 13. The total mass of all the parts of an element is __________________ than the mass of the actual element. This is known as ____________________________. 14. To convert from mass defect to binding energy use the conversion ___________________________________________. 15. To change from Kilograms of mass to Joules of energy use _________________. 16. Two main observations made in Rutherford’s gold foil experiment were that _____________________________ and __________________________. 17. Fusion occurs when __________________________________________ and _______________ energy. Fusion occurs in ___________________________. 18. Fission occurs when ________________________________ and ________________ energy. Fission occurs in _______________________. 19. The two short range fundamental forces are _______________________ and _____________________________. 20. An anti particle has the _______________ mass and the __________________ charge of its sister particle. Name _____________________________________ Quiz on Facts #5- Electricity /Magnetism 1. A coulomb is a unit of _________________, an Amp (= / ) is a unit of _________________, and a volt (= / ) is a unit of ___________________. 2. Wires that are ______________, ________________, and _______________ make the best conductors. 3. Electrons and protons have the ___________________ amount of charge. 4. If a resistor is added in series the total resistance of the circuit _______________. 5. If a resistor is added in parallel the total resistance of the circuit ______________. 6. In series the __________________ of each resistor is the same. 7. In parallel the ______________________ of each resistor is the same 8. If two charged conducting spheres are touched together, to find the resulting charge on each, you should ___________________________________________ 9. Insulators contain ___________________ electrons while conductors contain _____________________ electrons. 10. You can conduct current by using _____________________ and ______________________. 11. Electric fields point the way a _____________________ charge would move. 12. The Electric field between parallel plates is ___________________ which means charges placed in between the plates feel ______________________ forces. 13. Millikan used his oil drop experiment to determine the _________________________ of an electron. 14. Charging by conduction means you CAN / CAN NOT (circle one) touch the electroscope with the charged rod, and the electroscope will end up with the SAME / OPPOSITE (circle one) charge as the rod used. 15. Charging by induction means you CAN / CAN NOT (circle one) touch the electroscope with the charged rod, and the electroscope will end up with the SAME / OPPOSITE (circle one) charge as the rod used. 16. If a negatively charged object attracts an unknown object, we know that unknown object ____________________________________________. 17. When charging objects, the ________________ are gained or lost, which means objects become negative by ___________________________________ and objects become positive by _________________________________________. 18. Magnetic field lines point from _________________ to __________________. 19. Ammeters have ______________ resistance and are wired in _____________. Voltmeters have ________________ resistance and are wired in _____________.