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Animal Diversity Why do we care? • Understand that organism better • Comparison allows understanding of other organisms (ie- humans) – Ex: plants don’t have centrioles so they probably are involved in division of chromatids – Model organisms - Drosophila for genetics • Gives novel approaches for doing the same thing. (Hearts) • New Biotech – drugs (penicillin), enzymes (restriction enzymes), therapies (gene therapy), etc Animal Diversity Comparative Anatomy and physiology How are things accomplished and how does the way it accomplished affect the way other tasks are accomplished. What adjustments have to be made. Cell Theory All organisms share some common characteristics: 1. All living organisms are composed of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells Specializations (Organelles) give some understanding of basic cellular function Domains of life Archaea Life Prokaryotes Bacteria (often eubacteria) Eukarya Archaea Life Bacteria Fungi Plantae cellulose Eukarya Animals • • • • • Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls Special structures: – Collagen – No cell wall Cell Wall composed of Chitin Animalia Characteristics of animals • Body Plan: Tissues for specific functions - Tissues - Organs - Organ systems Keep in mind importance surface area Why Multicellular? high surface area Exchange (ie - O2, CO2, glucose) Happens at surface Reflected in organs Respiratory Digestive excretory Needs of all cells / organisms • Nutrients & waste exchange – O2 / glucose / nutrients brought to all cells – CO2 /wastes taken away • Protection • Reproduction Habitat must be considered Organisms of a certain size must have some sort of respiratory and/or circulatory system to get O2 to each cell (especially visceral ones). How do different organisms accomplish this? How does the habitat affect this? Large aquatic organisms MUST have exterior respiratory surfaces to address the reduced amount of O2 in water. Phylogenetics • Grouping of species by evolutionary relatedness • Methods for determining relatedness: – Classical: Form, function, embryology – Modern: Molecular Taxonomy • Related field – naming and classification system • Traditionally base on structure (this is a slight distinction) • Now naming is based on phylogenetics so effectively the same. Characteristics of the Animal kingdom • • • • • Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No cell walls Special structures: – Collagen – No cell wall • Body Plan = organization into distinct components with specialized function - Tissues - Organs - Organ systems Classification Methods (Body Plans) • • • • • • • • • • • • • Body Cavity Type Symmetry Tissue Organization Digestive openings Circulatory Excretory Nervous Respiratory Support systems Locomotion Habitat DNA sequence Enzyme / Protein similarities These are examples that are specific (but not restricted) to animals Organisms with similarities in these characteristics are placed more closely together Example of complete ranking Bacteria Archaea Fungi Plantae Cell Wall Chitin cellulose Eukarya Clades – grouping system Cladogram (family tree) of a biological group. The red and blue boxes represent clades (i.e., complete branches). The green box is not a clade, but rather represents an evolutionary grade(organisms with common traits), an incomplete group, because the blue clade is descended from it, but is excluded Fig. 28-03a Excavata Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans Apicomplexans Chromalveolata Alveolates Stramenopiles Ciliates Diatoms Golden algae Brown algae Oomycetes Chlorarachniophytes Rhizaria Forams Radiolarians Red algae Chlorophytes Charophyceans Archaeplasti da Side Note: All things in yellow are protists Even though protists are no longer considered a valid kingdom the species in this group have not yet be placed and so are still most often refered to as protists Dinoflagellates Land plants Slime molds Nucleariids Fungi Choanoflagellates Animals Unikonta This is just meant to give you an idea of protists and other organisms you might see, will only very generally be on lab test Gymnamoeb as Entamoebas Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers • There are exceptions to nearly every criterion for distinguishing animals from other life-forms • Several characteristics, taken together, sufficiently define the group No tissues Cellular level Animals Hetertrophs, movement, multicellular Cladogram Eumetazoa Parazoa …of animal kingdom Highlighting characteristic that distinguishes or separates with Phyla at bottom Bilateral Symmetry 3 germ layers Bilateria Radial Symmetry 2 germ layers Radiata Mouth 1st Anus 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) Lack cilia Porifera Sponges Grantia Cnidaria Hydra Jellyfish Anemones WVS Lophotrochozoan Lost during evolution platyhelminthes Planaria, Tapeworm schistosoma (blood fluke) water vascular system segmented Annelids Clamworm (nereis) Earthworm Leech Mollusca Nematoda Clam Roundworms Mussels Cysts Snails (Trichinella Spiralis) Squid Arthropoda Grasshopper Crayfish Echinodermata Sea Star Sea Urchin Sand Dollar Notochord Gill slits Dorsal hollow nerve Chordata Fetal Pig Lancelets (Amphioxus) PHYLUMS (body plan, developmental & internal organizations) Sponges Side note: Subdivisions of phyla / alternative classifications DO NOT MEMORIZE Campbell p. ?? fig 32.11 No tissues Cellular level Parazoa Hetertrophs, movement, multicellular Animals Metazoa Eumetazoa Choanoflagellate Like choanocyte of sponge Proifera – What’s set’s it apart from Eumetazoa •Lack True Tissue (and therefore no organs) Tissues – group of similar cells that together perform a particular function If no tissues, what’s set’s it apart from single-celled organisms (archaea & protists) other than being multi-cellular They do have differentiated (different) cell types which distinguishes it from choanflagellates (single-celled) closest non-animal cousin Porifera Sponges Grantia For each branching, you should know the characteristic that separates. Ex: parazoa or porifera are separated from Eumetazoa (all other animals) by absence or presence of tissues. Porifera: Sponges, grantia Focus on structures required to fullfill • sedentary animals the “needs of all cells” idea • fresh and marine waters • suspension feeders, capturing food particles suspended in the water that pass through their body • Choanocytes, flagellated collar cells, generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food (get nutrients in) • Otherwise all cells are close to water which is both food source and waste removal • Water is drawn through pores into a cavity called spongocoel, and out through opening called osculum • No Organ systems (digestive, respiratory, etc) Some things can’t ID like amoebocytes because can’t see Note: everything in lab manual is fair game Choanocyte Osculum (opening) Flagellum Spongocoel Ostia / Pore Epidermis = Outer layer Mesohyl = middle layer Food particles in mucus Flagellated collar cell Draw food particles in Choanocyte Collar Phagocytosis of food particles Amoebocyte Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Redistribute nutrients Make spicules Fig. 33-4 Spongocoel • Serves for all of the nutrient gathering and waste removal capacities of the proifera Should know about choanocytes though They are the digestive mechanism in sponges (intracellular = phagocytosis & digestive vacoules) • Sponges consist of a noncellular mesophyl layer between two cell layers • Amoebocytes are found in the mesophyl and play roles in digestion and structure • Most sponges are hermaphrodites: Each individual functions as both male and female Spicule • Made by amoebocytes • made of calcium salts • structure / protection Sponges (Porifera) Identifying features = lots of holes Ostia / pore Small hole In Flow Current Osculum Large hole Exit channel Grantia (calcareous sponge) a.k.a scypha Type of sponge characterized by the presence of Spicules Spicules: hard, crystalline structures secreted outside the cells; •calcium carbonate, (same material as shells of many marine animals. •reinforce the body and make it more resistant to attack Spicules Sponges: phylum Porifera Spicules: hard, crystalline structures secreted outside the cells; •calcium carbonate, (same material as shells of many marine animals. •reinforce the body and make it more resistant to attack Phylum: Porifera Organism: Grantia (sponge) w.m. (wetmount) Spicules Needle shaped Crystalline structure Remember each phylum is a huge group of organism, so can have many diverse appearances. However, the grantia below while looking different from other sponges still has many pores, no tissues, etc. Sponges: phylum Porifera Phylum: Porifera Organism: Grantia (sponge) c.s. (cross-section) Identifying features: Incurrent channels leading into spongocoel (central cavity ) Notice many open chamber = pores Sponges: phylum Porifera What are tissues? There are many cell types, but they function essentially independently. An isolated cell is still functional. Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together toward a single purpose. One cell in a tissue is useless by itself. Cnidarians ancient phylum of eumetazoans (True Tissue) • All animals except sponges and a few other groups belong to the clade Eumetazoa, • Phylum Cnidaria is one of the oldest groups in this clade • Cnidarians have diversified into a wide range of both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras • They exhibit a relatively simple diploblastic, radial body plan No tissues Cellular level Animals Hetertrophs, movement, multicellular Cladogram Eumetazoa Parazoa …of animal kingdom Highlighting characteristic that distinguishes or separates with Phyla at bottom Bilateral Symmetry 3 germ layers Bilateria Radial Symmetry 2 germ layers Radiata Mouth 1st Anus 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) Lack cilia Porifera Sponges Grantia Cnidaria Hydra Jellyfish Anemones WVS Lophotrochozoan Lost during evolution platyhelminthes Planaria, Tapeworm schistosoma (blood fluke) water vascular system segmented Annelids Clamworm (nereis) Earthworm Leech Mollusca Nematoda Clam Roundworms Mussels Cysts snails (Trichinella Spiralis) Arthropoda Grasshopper Crayfish Echinodermata Sea Star Sea Urchin Sand Dollar Notochord Gill slits Dorsal hollow nerve Chordata Fetal Pig Lancelets (Amphioxus) PHYLUMS (body plan, developmental & internal organizations) Eumetazoa Radial Symmetry 2 germ layers Radiata Bilateral Symmetry 3 germ layers Bilateria Cnidaria •True Tissue but •2 germ layers not 3 So still no organs •Radial symmetry Cnidaria Hydra True tissue means many cells of the same type working together. Sponges have many cells that are the same but they each work independently This is an explanation of germ layers for your information, you will only be tested on whether or not something has 2 or 3 germ layers 2 layers: Endoderm & ectoderm 3 layers 3 layers = True organs Usually coelom Fig. 33-5 Mouth/anus Polyp Tentacle Medusa Gastrovascular cavity Gastrodermis (endoderm) Body stalk Mesoglea (extracellular matrix) Epidermis (ectoderm) Tentacle Mouth/anus • The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity • A single opening functions as mouth and anus • There are two variations on the body plan: the sessile polyp and motile medusa • Cnidarians are carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey • The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes, unique (to cnidaria) cells that function in defense and capture of prey • Nematocysts are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread Fig. 33-6 Cnidocytes – 1 cell Tentacle Cuticle of prey Thread Nematocyst “Trigger” Thread discharges Cnidocyte Thread (coiled) Digestion & respiration & etc. Gastrovascular cavity Enzymes in cavity Extracellular digestion Reproduction Sexual or asexual Budding Asexual Genetically identical Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Cnidaria Eumetazoa Bilateral Symmetry 3 germ layers Bilateria Radial Symmetry 2 germ layers Mouth 1st Protostomi Anus 1st Deuterostomi 3 germ layers = true organs Bilateral symmetry Mouth Anus from blastopore Symmetry & mouth anus development Don’t worry about this It does not mean will end being radially symmetrical 3 germ layers usually means a coelom Difference between protosomes and deuterosomes Body Cavity = coelom GI Tube (mouth to anus) within a tube (coelom) Allows room for filling e.g. heart and pericardial cavity Gastrovascular cavity ( 1 opening) Packed with cells surrounding it Nothing resembling coelom GI suspended in cavity by mesentery Peritoneum - Lining on both sides by epithelitum Eumetazoa Bilateral Symmetry 3 germ layers Bilateria Radial Symmetry 2 germ layers Mouth 1st 3 germ layers Anus 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi = true organs Bilateral symmetry Mouth Anus from blastopore Lophotrochozoan Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) platyhelminthes Lack cilia Lost Planaria, Tapeworm ,schistosoma (blood fluke) Annelids Clamworm Earthworm Mollusca Nematoda Arthropoda Clam Roundworms Crayfish Grasshopper Lophotrochozoa • The clade Lophotrochozoa was identified by molecular data • Some develop a lophophore (ciliated tentacle surrounding mouth) for feeding, others pass through a trochophore larval stage, and a few have neither feature Bilateria Anus 1st Mouth 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi Lophotrochozoan Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) platyhelminthes Lack cilia Lost Planaria, Tapeworm ,schistosoma (blood fluke) Larval stage Has ring of cilia Platyhelminthes = Flatworms • • • • • Ex: Planaria, tapeworms, schistosoma (blood fluke) Members of phylum Platyhelminthes live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats Although flatworms undergo triploblastic (3 germ layers) development, they are acoelomates Note this is an exception They are flattened dorsoventrally and have a Which is why they can have this gastrovascular cavity Gas exchange takes place across the surface, and protonephridia regulate the osmotic balance Thin enough that all cells are close to water which is both food source and waste removal – no specific organs for circulatory etc Tapeworm 200 µm Proglottids with reproductive structures Hooks Sucker Scolex Cephalization • Planarians (non-parasitic flatworm) have lightsensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets • The planarian nervous system is more complex and centralized than the nerve nets of cnidarians • Planarians are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually, or asexually through fission Fig. 33-10 Pharynx Digestive system Gastrovascular cavity Mouth Eyespots Ganglia Ventral nerve cords Flatworms: phylum Platyhelminthes Pharynx Different sections of the Gastrovascular cavity NOT a body cavity (coelom) Planaria excretory system • Like nephron • Cilia creates current that pulls in interstital fluid • Get secretion and reabsorption Fig 44.11 Planaria Reproductive system • Male female Flatworms: phylum Platyhelminthes Three tissue layers in embryo. Almost all animals share this basic feature; the sponges and cnidarians are exceptions. Acoelomate: Flatworms don't have any kind of coelom or pseudocoelom; their bodies are basically solid. This simple body structure led biologists to conclude that the phylum Platyhelminthes branched off from the rest of the animals before the evolution of the coelom. However, some genetic studies have led some researchers to argue that flatworms descended from an ancestor that had a coelom, and later lost the coelom. Gastrovascular cavity: The digestive tract has only one opening, and branches throughout the body. Flatworms do extracellular digestion, like most animals. Pharynx: a muscular tube through which the flatworm can suck food into its gastrovascular cavity. The opening into the pharynx could be considered the mouth, but since this animal has a two-way gut, that opening also must function as the anus. Flatworms: phylum Platyhelminthes Fluke No metamerization Bilateria Mouth 1st Anus 1st Protostomi Deuterostomi Lophotrochozoan Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) Lack cilia segmented Lost during evolution platyhelminthes Planaria, Tapeworm schistosoma (blood fluke) Annelids Clamworm (nereis) Earthworm Leech Mollusca Clam Mussels snails Annelids • Annelids have bodies composed of a series of fused rings (segmented = metamerism) • The phylum Annelida is divided into three classes: – Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives) – Polychaeta (polychaetes) clamworm – Hirudinea (leeches) Fig. 33-22 Cuticle Epidermis Coelom Circular muscle GI Metaniephridium Septum (partition between segments) Metanephridium Longitudinal muscle Anus Dorsal vessel Chaetae Intestine Fused nerve cords Ventral vessel Nephrostome Metanephridium Clitellum Esophagus Pharynx Giant Australian earthworm Cerebral ganglia Crop Intestine Gizzard Mouth Subpharyngeal ganglion Blood vessels Ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia Earthworm Reproduction Similarly, for all organs Identify organs and what they are for For which organ systems Clitellum Annelid Excretory system Metanephridium analagous to nephron but Pulls in coelomic fluid Fig 44.12 Clamworm = nereis Palp With tooth Cirri (tentacles) Cecum Prostomium (first body segment) Clamworm Respiratory System Parapodium (functions as gill) And as feet Bilateria Mouth 1st Anus 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi Lophotrochozoan Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) Lack cilia segmented Lost during evolution platyhelminthes Planaria, Tapeworm schistosoma (blood fluke) Annelids Clamworm (nereis) Earthworm Leech Mollusca Clam Mussels Snails Squid Larval stage Has ring of cilia No tissues Cellular level Animals Hetertrophs, movement, multicellular Cladogram Eumetazoa Parazoa …of animal kingdom Highlighting characteristic that distinguishes or separates with Phyla at bottom Bilateral Symmetry 3 germ layers Bilateria Radial Symmetry 2 germ layers Radiata Mouth 1st Anus 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) Lack cilia Porifera Sponges Grantia Cnidaria Hydra Jellyfish Anemones Hermit crab WVS Lophotrochozoan Lost during evolution platyhelminthes Planaria, Tapeworm schistosoma (blood fluke) water vascular system segmented Annelids Clamworm (nereis) Earthworm Leech Mollusca Nematoda Clam Roundworms Mussels Cysts Snails (Trichinella Spiralis) Squid, octopi Arthropoda Grasshopper Crayfish Echinodermata Sea Star Sea Urchin Sand Dollar Notochord Gill slits Dorsal hollow nerve Chordata Fetal Pig Lancelets (Amphioxus) PHYLUMS (body plan, developmental & internal organizations) 5 features typical in mollusks •Mantle – secretes CaCO3 shell •Shell – external skeleton of calcium carbonate. Lacking in some (e.g. slugs, octopi) •Foot – Muscular structure for digging (clams) crawling (snails), grabbing (octopus) •Ctenidia – like gills for filtering food & gas exchange •Radula – rasping organ for scraping (not in clams which are filter feeders) Molluscs Dorsal (back) Near hinge Oldest portion Anterior (Front) Posterior (back) Ventral (front) http://www.biologyjunction.com/clam_dissection.htm Anterior Mantle - tissue that lines both valves & covers the soft body of the clam. Points toward Anterior end Remove gills (and foot) to find visceral mass mouth Bilateria Mouth 1st Anus 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi Lophotrochozoan Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) Nematoda Roundworms Cysts (Trichinella Spiralis) Larval stage Has ring of cilia Larval stage Does NOT Have ring of cilia Or no larval stage at all Arthropoda Grasshopper Crayfish Exoskeleton Nematodes • or roundworms, found in most aquatic habitats, soil, moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals • have an alimentary canal, lack circulatory system • Reproduction in nematodes is usually sexual, by internal fertilization Fig. 33-26 Encysted juveniles Muscle tissue Trichinella spiralis 50 µm Nematode: Trichinella spiralis Parasite in cyst How to identify Later you will recognize muscle tissue All mammalian tissue is fairly uniform with tissue transitions that are fairly defined / complete so the cyst looks pretty aberrant (unusual) Embryo inside Arthropoda • Most diverse phylum Changing • Chitinous exoskeleton – Jointed appendages – Growth/molting • Segemented – Head, thorax, abdomen – External appendages that can be modify – Tagmatization – fusion of appendages (crustaceans) Cephalon Carapace – shell covering the cephalothorax Evidence of tagamatization No tagamatization Athropod – Crayfish sexing Using one hand to hold the crayfish dorsal side up in the dissecting tray, use scissors to carefully cut through the back of the carapace along dissection cut line 1. Cut along the indentations that separate the thoracic portion of the carapace into three regions. Start the cut at the posterior edges of the carapace, and extend it along both sides in the cephalic region. Use forceps to carefully lift away the remaining parts of the carapace, exposing the underlying gills and other organ Fig. 33-35 Abdomen Thorax Head Compound eye Antennae Heart Cerebral ganglion Dorsal artery Anus Crop Vagina Malpighian tubules Ovary Tracheal tubes Nerve cords Mouthparts Arthropod excretory system Malpighian tubules Addresses problem of desiccation Actively secretes from hemolymph into digestive tract. Nitrogenous wastes secreted as uric acid and excreted in feces Sexing Double = female Spiracle Eumetazoa Bilateral Symmetry 3 germ layers Bilateria Radial Symmetry 2 germ layers Mouth 1st 3 germ layers Anus 1st Deuterostomi Protostomi = true organs Bilateral symmetry Mouth Anus from blastopore Lophotrochozoan Ecdysozoan (ring of cilia, larval stage) (shed exoskeleton) platyhelminthes Lack cilia Lost Planaria, Tapeworm ,schistosoma (blood fluke) Annelids Clamworm Earthworm Mollusca Nematoda Arthropoda Clam Roundworms Crayfish Grasshopper Bilateria Anus 1st Protostomi Mouth 1st Deuterostomi WVS water vascular system Echinodermata Sea Star Sea Urchin Sand Dollar Notochord Gill slits Dorsal hollow nerve Chordata Fetal Pig Lancelets (Amphioxus) Echinodermata • Water Vascular System – Movement – Circulatory system – distribute coelomic fluid • Endoskeleton – calcareous plates • Radial symmetry as adults – Juvenile have bilateral symmetry Starfish young Note Radial symmetry Canals are visible showing the water vascular system Fig. 33-39 Anus Stomach Spine Gills Central disk Digestive glands Madreporite Radial nerve Ring canal Gonads Ampulla Podium Radial canal Tube feet Aboral ( opposite mouth) side aboral oral Fertilized eggs grow into bipinnaria and later into brachiolaria larvae, which either grow using a yolk or by catching and eating other plankton. In either case, they live as plankton, suspended in the water and swimming by using beating cilia. The larvae are bilaterally symmetric — unlike adults, they have a distinct left and right side. Eventually, they undergo a complete metamorphosis, settle to the bottom, and grow into adults. http://www.madreporite.com/science/science.htm Chordates – 4 features • Notochord - Stiffing rod - Made of cartilage initially • Dorsal, Hollow nerve chord • Pharyngeal gill slits – lost during development • Post-anal tail Filled with CSF Chordate Nerve cord notochord (tube below nerve cord) Gill slits Post-anal tail Subphylum includes vertebrates = spinal cord So all vertebrates are chordates, but not all chordates are vertebrates However, vertebrates are the vast majority of chordates, only a few exceptions Chick 48hrs Chick 48hrs Chordate: Amphioxus (lancelet) A notable exception, invertebrate = no spine Does NOT have a skeleton surrounding nerve cord Immature Lancelet Nerve cord and notochord Post-anal tail Anus Gill slits The notochord is a flexible rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It is composed of cells derived from the mesoderm and defines the primitive axis of the embryo. Chordate: Tunicate (sea tulip) Another notable exception, invertebrate = no spine Does NOT have a skeleton surrounding nerve cord Does have segmentation but not a worm So likely a chordate