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THERMODYNAMIC
ENERGY
*GROUP ROULT*
DEFINATION
Energy is defined as the ability to do work,
and that work can be divided into five
main tasks:
1. Energy gives us light.
2. Energy gives us heat.
3. Energy makes things move.
4. Energy makes things grow.
5. Energy makes technology work.
Principle of energy
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Energy can be transformed but cannot be created or
destroyed. (First Law of Thermodynamic)
It can only be changed from one form to another, such as
when electrical energy is changed into heat energy.
In all energy exchanges, if no energy enters or leaves the
system, the potential energy of the state will always be less
than that of the initial state. (Second Law of
Thermodynamic)
At higher velocities close to that of light, as in nuclear
reactions, energy and matter are interconvertible .
In modern physics the two concepts, the conservation of
energy and of mass, are thus unified.
Forms of energy
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Mechanical (mechanic)
Thermal (thermodynamic)
Chemical (chemical reaction)
Electrical (electricity)
Radiant (radiation)
Atomic (nuclear energy)
Heat ( total amount of kinetic energy result from
random movement of the molecules)
Temperature (average amount of kinetic energy
result from random movement of the molecules)
Types of energy
(A) KINETIC ENERGY
 Energy in motion.
 Energy possessed by an object, resulting
from the motion of that object in use.
 The magnitude of the kinetic energy
depends on both the mass and the speed
of the object according to the equation.
 E=1/2mv2 where
 m is the mass of the object,
 v2 is its speed.
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(B) Potential Energy
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: Stored or positional energy. It is the energy
that exists within an object. It is the stored
energy of position possessed by an object.
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For example, when a ball is held above the
ground and released, the potential energy is
transformed into kinetic energy.
Electrical Potential
Energy
Gravitational Potential
Energy
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(c) Nuclear Energy
Energy released during the splitting or fusing of
atomic nuclei.
 The energy of any system, whether physical,
chemical, or nuclear, is manifested by the
system’s ability to do work or to release heat or
radiation.
 The total energy in a system is always conserved,
but it can be transferred to another system or
changed in form.
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(D) Thermal Energy
Portion of a system that increases with its
temperature.
 Is a term often used to describe the energy
content of a system related to heating effects,
e.g. temperature increase or decrease.
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(E) Geothermal Energy
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Energy contained in intense heat that continually
flows outward from deep within Earth.
This heat originates primarily in the core.
(F) Ionisation Energy
 ~The amount of energy necessary to remove an
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electron from an atom.
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The principle of ionization of gases by various types
of radiation is used in the detection and measurement
of radiation and in the separation and analysis of
isotopes in the mass spectrometer
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(G) Vital Energy
Acupuncture was developed in response to
the theory that there are special meridian
points on the body connected to the internal
organs and that vital energy flows along the
meridian lines.
 According to this theory, diseases are caused
by interrupted energy flow, and inserting and
twirling needles restores normal flow.
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(I) Activation energy
Whether or not a reaction will proceed is
analogous to a coin standing on its edge—the
coin would be more stable on its side, but it
will not tip unless pushed.
 In order for a reaction to occur, a certain
threshold energy must be reached. This
threshold is called the activation energy.
 As a rule, the lower the activation energy, the
faster the reaction.
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(J) Binding Energy
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In nuclear physics, the total energy required to
separate from one another the neutrons and protons
making up the nucleus of an atom.
This same amount of energy is released when such
particles combine to form a nucleus, resulting in a
slight loss of mass.
Through Einstein's equivalency relationship, the
binding energy is equal to this amount of lost mass
times the square of the velocity of light.
The atoms with the greatest stability are those that
have the greatest average binding energy per nuclear
particle.
Internal Energy
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The sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a
system.
It is related to the molecular structure and the
degree of molecular activity and may be viewed
as the sum of kinetic and potential energies of
the molecules.
The change in internal energy of a system is
equal to the heat added to the system minus the
work done by the system.
U=Q-W
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Types of Internal Energy:
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Sensible Energy
 the
portion of the internal energy of a system
associated with kinetic energies (molecular
translation, rotation, and vibration; electron
translation and spin; and nuclear spin) of the
molecules.
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Latent Energy
 the
internal energy associated with the phase of a
system.
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Chemical Energy
 the
internal energy associated with the atomic
bonds in a molecule.
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Nuclear Energy
 the
tremendous amount of energy associated with
the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom
itself.
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Energy Interactions
 those
types of energies not stored in the system
(e.g. heat transfer, mass transfer, and work), but
which are recognized at the system boundary as
they cross it, which represent gains or losses by a
system during a process.
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Thermal Energy
 the
sum of sensible and latent forms of internal
energy.