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Using Information Technology Pertemuan 13 Chapter 10 The Promises of the Digital Age 10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications Two models of telecommunications: Switched-network - people on the system are not only consumers of information (“content”) but also possible providers of it The Promises of the Digital Agee Tree-and-branch - a centralized information provider sends out messages through many channels to thousands of consumers 2 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Potential Effect of the Switched-Network Model: Napster & the Rise of File Sharing The Promises of the Digital Agee The switched-network file-swapping model could well change the basic economics not only of the music business but also of the online book-publishing business. 3 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.2 Artificial Intelligence Natural language processing Natural language processing - the study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language Expert systems Intelligent agents Pattern recognition Fuzzy logic Virtual reality and simulation devices Robotics The Promises of the Digital Agee Artificial intelligence - a group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities 4 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expert Systems Intelligent Agents Intelligent agent - a form of smart software, or software with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and performs work The Promises of the Digital Agee Expert system - an interactive computer program used in solving problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert Knowledge base Inference engine User inference 5 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pattern Recognition Fuzzy Logic Fuzzy logic - a method of dealing with imprecise data and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one The Promises of the Digital Agee Pattern recognition - involves a camera and software that identify recurring patterns in what they are seeing and recognize the connections between the perceived patterns and similar patterns stored in a database 6 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Virtual Reality & Simulation devices The Promises of the Digital Agee Virtual reality (VR) - a computer-generated artificial reality which projects a person into a sensation of threedimensional space A virtual reality rendering of Rome 7 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Robotics Robotics - the development and study of machines that can perform work normally done by people The Promises of the Digital Agee Robot - an automatic device that performs functions ordinarily executed by human beings or that operates with what appears to be almost human intelligence 8 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Two Approaches to Artificial Intelligence: Weak versus Strong AI Weak AI - claims that computers can be programmed to simulate human cognition Neural networks, genetic algorithms, and cyborgs are three examples of strong AI. The Promises of the Digital Agee Strong AI - claims that computers can be made to think on a level that is at least equal to humans and possibly even be conscious of themselves 9 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Artificial Life, the Turing Test, & AI Ethics Artificial life or A-life - the field of study concerned with “creatures” that are created, replicate, evolve, and die as if they were living organisms Here a human judge converses by means of a computer terminal with two entities hidden in another location The Promises of the Digital Agee Turing test - intended to determine whether a computer possesses intelligence or awareness 10 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Promises of the Digital Agee Turing Test 11 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.3 Information & Education Students exposed to the internet in high school say they think the web has helped them improve the quality of their academic research and of their written work. One revolution in education—before, during, and after the college years— is the advent of distance learning, or “cyberclasses,” along with the explosion of internet resources. The Promises of the Digital Agee When used by trained teachers in middle schools computers can significantly enhance performance in math learning. 12 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Operating room output The Promises of the Digital Agee 10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science 13 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Health & Medicine Besides physicians, patients and health consumers are also going online. Help for Stephen Hawking The Promises of the Digital Agee Computer technology is also radically changing the tools of medicine. 14 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Science Collaboratory - an internet-based collaborative laboratory, in which researchers all over the world can work easily together even at a distance An entomologist in Central America The Promises of the Digital Agee Scientists have long been users of information technology. 15 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.5 Commerce & Money Sales & Marketing – sales representatives must be comfortable with computer technology. Banking & E-money - the world of cybercash has come to banking. Stock Trading - online trading has changed the nature of trading institutions themselves. Manufacturing - the ultimate goal of factory-automation experts is the lights-out factory. Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Promises of the Digital Agee Retailing Becomes E-Tailing – the challenges for internet food ventures are daunting. 16 10.6 Entertainment & the Arts The Promises of the Digital Agee Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography. 17 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.6 Entertainment & the Arts Computer driven indoor year-round skiing The Promises of the Digital Agee Information technology is being used for all kinds of entertainment, ranging from video games to telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from painting to photography. 18 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Music Movies Computer techniques have even been used to develop digitally created actors—called “synthespians.” Animation is not the only area in which computers are revolutionizing movies. Digital editing has radically transformed the way films are assembled. The Promises of the Digital Agee The World Wide Web is standing the system of music recording and distribution on its head—and, in the process, is changing the financial underpinnings of the music industry. 19 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy Communication between residents & local government Campaigning Touch screen voting Paying taxes & fines The Promises of the Digital Agee Online voting 20 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 10.8 Jobs & Careers Ways for you to find employers What do you want to do? The Promises of the Digital Agee Ways for employers to find you 21 Copyright © 2005. Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.