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Using Information Technology
Pertemuan 13
Chapter 10
The Promises of the Digital Age
10.1 Emerging Global Telecommunications
Two models of telecommunications:
Switched-network - people on the system are not only
consumers of information (“content”) but also possible
providers of it
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Tree-and-branch - a centralized information provider
sends out messages through many channels to
thousands of consumers
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The Potential Effect of the Switched-Network Model:
Napster & the Rise of File Sharing
The Promises of the Digital Agee
The switched-network file-swapping model could well
change the basic economics not only of the music
business but also of the online book-publishing
business.
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10.2 Artificial Intelligence
Natural language processing
Natural language processing - the study of ways
for computers to recognize and understand human
language
Expert systems
Intelligent agents
Pattern recognition
Fuzzy logic
Virtual reality and simulation devices
Robotics
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Artificial intelligence - a group of related technologies
used for developing machines to emulate human qualities
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Expert Systems
Intelligent Agents
Intelligent agent - a form of smart software, or software
with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns,
asks questions, and performs work
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Expert system - an interactive computer program used in
solving problems that would otherwise require the
assistance of a human expert
Knowledge base
Inference engine
User inference
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Pattern Recognition
Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy logic - a method of dealing with imprecise data
and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers
rather than one
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Pattern recognition - involves a camera and software
that identify recurring patterns in what they are seeing
and recognize the connections between the perceived
patterns and similar patterns stored in a database
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Virtual Reality & Simulation devices
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Virtual reality (VR) - a computer-generated artificial reality
which projects a person into a sensation of threedimensional space
A virtual reality rendering of Rome
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Robotics
Robotics - the development and study of machines that
can perform work normally done by people
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Robot - an automatic device that performs functions
ordinarily executed by human beings or that operates with
what appears to be almost human intelligence
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Two Approaches to Artificial Intelligence: Weak
versus Strong AI
Weak AI - claims that computers can be programmed to
simulate human cognition
Neural networks, genetic algorithms, and cyborgs are
three examples of strong AI.
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Strong AI - claims that computers can be made to think
on a level that is at least equal to humans and possibly
even be conscious of themselves
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Artificial Life, the Turing Test, & AI Ethics
Artificial life or A-life - the field of study concerned with
“creatures” that are created, replicate, evolve, and die
as if they were living organisms
Here a human judge converses by means of a
computer terminal with two entities hidden in another
location
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Turing test - intended to determine whether a computer
possesses intelligence or awareness
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The Promises of the Digital Agee
Turing Test
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10.3 Information & Education
Students exposed to the internet in high school say they
think the web has helped them improve the quality of
their academic research and of their written work.
One revolution in education—before, during, and after
the college years— is the advent of distance learning,
or “cyberclasses,” along with the explosion of internet
resources.
The Promises of the Digital Agee
When used by trained teachers in middle schools
computers can significantly enhance performance in
math learning.
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Operating room output
The Promises of the Digital Agee
10.4 Health, Medicine, & Science
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Health & Medicine
Besides physicians,
patients and health
consumers are also going
online.
Help for Stephen Hawking
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Computer technology is
also radically changing the
tools of medicine.
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Science
Collaboratory - an internet-based
collaborative laboratory, in which
researchers all over the world can
work easily together even at a
distance
An entomologist in
Central America
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Scientists have long been users of
information technology.
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10.5 Commerce & Money
Sales & Marketing – sales representatives
must be comfortable with computer
technology.
Banking & E-money - the world of cybercash has come
to banking.
Stock Trading - online trading has changed the nature of
trading institutions themselves.
Manufacturing - the ultimate goal of factory-automation
experts is the lights-out factory.
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The Promises of the Digital Agee
Retailing Becomes E-Tailing – the
challenges for internet food ventures are daunting.
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10.6 Entertainment & the Arts
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Information technology is being used for all kinds of
entertainment, ranging from video games to
telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from
painting to photography.
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10.6 Entertainment & the Arts
Computer driven
indoor year-round skiing
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Information technology is being used for all kinds of
entertainment, ranging from video games to
telegambling. It is also being used in the arts, from
painting to photography.
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Music
Movies
Computer techniques have even been used to develop
digitally created actors—called “synthespians.”
Animation is not the only area in which computers are
revolutionizing movies. Digital editing has radically
transformed the way films are assembled.
The Promises of the Digital Agee
The World Wide Web is standing the system of music
recording and distribution on its head—and, in the
process, is changing the financial underpinnings of the
music industry.
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10.7 Government & Electronic Democracy
Communication between
residents & local
government
Campaigning
Touch screen voting
Paying taxes & fines
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Online voting
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10.8 Jobs & Careers
Ways for you to find employers
What do you want to do?
The Promises of the Digital Agee
Ways for employers to find you
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