Download 16-pharmacologyppt3005

PHARMACOLOGY
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PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacology a broad medical speciality
and containing many subdivisions. A drug
is a chemical compound that effects the
structure of a body part or the functioning
of a biological process.
Medicinal chemistry:
Study of new
drug synthesis chemical structure and
biological effects.
Pharmacodynamics:
Study of drug
effects in the body, incluse absorption,
metabolism, and excrition.
Pharmacokinetics: The movement of drugs that
is the appearance and disappearance in the
body.
Molecular pharmacology:
Study of the
intraction of drugs such as DNA, RNA, enzymes.
Chemotherapy:
Treatment that destroy
microorganism, paracytes, or malignant cells.
Toxicology: Study of the harmful effect of drugs
and chemicals. A toxicologist is also interested in
finding proper antidotes to harmful effect of
drugs.
Drugs are prepared and dispensed by
pharmacist through a drug store or
pharmacy. A pharmacist must complete
a BS degree (Bachelor of science in
pharmacy, 5 years). Hospital pharmacist
complete a Pharma.D. (doctor of
pharmacy).
TERMINOLOGY OF DRUG ACTION
Additive action: Combination of 2 similar
drugs is equal to the sum of effect of each
(Drug A 10% + Drug B 20% = 30%).
Idiosyncrgistic: Unexpected effect that
may appear in the patient following
administration of the drug idiosyncrgistic
reaction, which are due to genetic
deficience of enzymes are produce in very
few patients but may be life threatening
(eg: Anaphylaxis - (Rapid pulse, fall in BP,
airway dilated, sweating, almost colapse).
Synergysm
/
Potentiation:
A
combination of 2 drugs can some types
cause an effect that is greater than the
sum of the individual effect of each drug
Tolerance: The effect of a given dose
devirise as treatment goes on an
increasing amounts are needed to
produce the same effects. Tolerance is a
feature of addiction.
Addition: Is a physical and psychological
dependence and craving of a drug.
Iatrogenic: Produce by treatment are the
result of mistakes in drug use or individual
sensitivity to a given agent.
Side effects / Toxic effects:
That
routinely results from the use of a drug
(eg: Nausea, vomiting, alopecia).
Contraindication: Are factors in a patient
condition that make the use of a drug
dangerous and ill advice (eg:
Renal
failure,
pregnancy,
hypertension,
diabetes).
CLASSES OF DRUGS
Analgasic
Mild analgasics
Norcuticpotent
Non-steridol
anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAIDs)
Prostate glands:
Hormone like
substances that synthesis pain
receptors.
ANASTHETIC
General
Local
Spinal
Epidural
Dural blocks
ANTIBIOTIC / ANTIVIRAL
Bacterio
static
drugs
and
bacterisideldry (kill the bacteria) it
inhibit to grow (stops) - Antifunguls,
antitrnurcules,
antivirus,
cephalosporin - (Bacterie sidle) they
kill, srythromycin (bacterio static)
asitromycin, penicillin (bacterio cidal),
quilones
(bacterie
sidle)
eg:
Ciprofloxcin, sulfomaides, sulpha
drugs (bacterie sidal), tetracyclin for
plage (bacterio static).
ANTICOAGULANTS &
ANTIPLATES DRUG
prevent coagulation (clotting) of
blood
heparin
is
a
nature
anticoagulant produces by liver cells.
Other
anticoagulant
produces
warfarin
(aspirin,
coumadin,
dicumorol) are manufacture. Tissue
type plasminogen activator (tpA) is
actually dissolve the clot.
ANTIPLATELETS DRUGS
Reduce the tendenes of platlets to
stick together. eg: aspirin.
ANTICONVULSANT
Prevents or reduces the frequency of
convulsion. The various types of
epilepsy.
ANTIDEPRESSION
Feels symptoms of depression. They can
elevate mood, increase physical activity,
and mental awareness, to improve apitide
and sleep. Many antidepressants are also
mild cedatives.
Drugs include:
tricylics (TCA) eg: Pamelor, amitriptyline,
nortriptyline.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
(SSRI)
Monoamine oxidec inhibitor (MAOI)
ANTIDIABETICS
2 types Type I, Type II.
Type I:
Insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (IDDM). Must receive injection of
insulin. Insulin was obtained from animals
(pork, beef) now much purer insulin is
produced called rDNA (Humulin N). in
younger age Juvenile diabetes.
Type II: Non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus (NIDDM).
Are given oral
antidiabetic drugs.
Antidiabetic drugs
sulfonylureas eg: Glucotrol XL (glipizide).
Biguanides eg: metformin (Glucofag)
Alphaglucozidase inhibitor eg: acarbose
(precose)
Thiazolidirediones eg:
troglitrozone
(Risulina)
Meglitinides eg: Prandin
An insulin pump is a device strapped to
the patient waist that periodically
deliveries the desired amount of insulin.
ANTIHISTAMINE
Block the action of histamine. It cause
allergic symptoms such as hives,
bronchial asthma, hay fever, and in severe
cases anafilatic stocks. Antihistamine
cannot cure that they can relieve its
symptoms. Many antihistamine have
antiemetic activity side effects of
antihistamine are drowsiness, blurred
vision, Tremors, indigestion, and lack of
motor coordination. (eg:
cetrozone
(Zyrtec),
chlorpheniramine
maleate
(CPM),
dimenhydranite
(Dramamine,
Evomine) for motion, vomiting, sickness,
diphenhydramine (Benactryl), fexofenadrin
(Allegra, Aliday).
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG
Act on the heart or blood vessels. Drugs used
are: Daily aspirin therapy to prevent clots,
sublingual nitroglycoglycerine to dilate coronary
blood vessels Digoxin, Lanoxin to control
arrhythmia (heart rate) also CHF.
Other cardiovascular drugs (CV drugs):
1. Angio-tension converting enzyme inhibitor
(ACE inhibitor)
2. Beta-blockers
3. Calcium antagonests / Calcium channel
blockers
4. Cholesterol lowering drug
5. Diuritics
6. Endocrine drugs
SELECTIVE ESTROGEN
RECEPTOR MODULATORY
SERM is a drug that has estrogen effects
like bone, lipid, however it lacks estrogen
effects on uterus and breast tissue.
PROGESTINS
Are prescribed for abnormnal uterine
bleeding and together with estrogen in
hormone replacement therapy (HRT),
estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Eg:
medroxy progestrone (Provera), SERM raloxifene (Evista). Thyroid hormone is
administered when there is low output of
hormone.
GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) DRUG
Use to relieve uncomfortable symptoms
anticids neutralize the hydrochloric acid.
Eg: alumimium and megnislum antacid
(Gaviscon), magnisum antacids (milk of
magnesia), Aluminum anticids (Rolaid).
ANTIULCER DRUG
Such as ranitidin (Zantac),
(Tagamet), omepresol (Prilosec).
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ANTIDIARRHEA DRUG
Release dialaria or cathaaartics that
releive constipation. Mild cathertics, strong
cathartics (Lomotil) diphenoxylate and
etropin, Lopormide (Imodium).
ANTINOSIN / ANTIEMETIC
metoclopromide (Reglan), prochlorperizine
malcate (Compazin).
RESPIRATORY DRUG
Bronchodilators
Steriod drugs
Seditives and hypnotics
Stimulants
Minor tranquilizers are benzodiazitine
Major tranquilizers are phenothiazine